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九年級英語上冊詞彙知識點

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合成形容詞

九年級英語上冊詞彙知識點

和其他合成詞一樣,合成形容詞(compound adjectives)也是由兩個或兩個以上的字合組而成的。由於現代英語結構儘量從繁入簡,合成詞,特別是合成形容詞的運用,就越來越普遍,報章雜誌更是如此。

合成形容詞的構成方法,主要有下列 6 種:

①名詞+形容詞,如:

oil-rich, duty-free, praiseworthy, life-long, carefree, worldwide, skin-deep, sea-sick, cock-sure, word-perfect 等。

②形容詞+形容詞,如:

bitter-sweet, red-hot, Afro-Asian, socio-political, dead-alive, blue-black 等。

③名詞+現在分詞,如:

peace-loving, labour-saving, law-abiding, time-consuming, painstaking, trouble-shooting 等。

④名詞+過去分詞,如:

examination-oriented, man-made, poverty-stricken, bed-ridden, wind-blown, weather-beaten, heart-broken 等。

⑤形容詞+現在分詞,如:

good-looking, easy-going, eager-seeming, direct-acting 等。

⑥形容詞+過去分詞,如:

kind-hearted, narrow-minded, single-handed, new-born, soft-spoken, strong-headed, many-sided 等。

在這六類合成形容詞中,①、③和④的生產率最高。

此外,合成形容詞還可以從其他詞類或結構轉化而來,氣象萬千,韻味十足:

⑴從副詞短語轉化而來,如:

all-round protection, off-the-cuff opinion, round-the-clock investigation, the ahead-of-schedule general election, a once-a-week discussion 等。

⑵從片語動詞轉化而成,如:

a back-up generator, the break-in time, a catch-up programme, a see-through shirt, a stand-up collar 等。

⑶從不帶“to”的不定式動詞轉化而成,如:

take-home pay, a keep-fit class, a get-acquainted party, a cross-border raid, a grow-slow policy 等。

⑷由介詞短語轉化後移至名詞前,如:

discussions on foreign policy→foreign-policy discussions; the relationship between teachers and students →the teacher-student relationship; a proposal for the withdrawal of troops→a troop-withdrawal proposal 等。

⑸由形容詞分句轉化後移至名詞前,如:

a machine that is difficult to operate→a difficult-to-operate machine; magazines which are hard to get at→hard-to-get-at magazines; a politician who is not so strong→a not-so-strong politician 等。

⑹由成語或慣用語轉化後移至名詞前,如:

a step-by-step procedure, an on-the-job training, a dog-in-the-manger attitude, a live-and-let-live policy 等。

前面6種構成法約定俗成,一切中規中矩,後面6種涵蓋面大,極為靈活。光是通過成語轉化的形容詞合成詞,數目都在不斷擴大中,非常受歡迎。如 an out-of-the-way village(遙遠的),a get-rich-quick mentality(快速致富的)。

疑問詞+不定式動詞”結構

導讀:英語有個很有用的結構,就是:疑問詞+不定式動詞(question word + to-infinitive)。

疑問詞是疑問代詞“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑問副詞“when, where, how, why ”。此外,連接詞“whether”也適用。

“疑問詞+不定式動詞”結構有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五種:

⑴當主語,如:

● When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.

● Where to live is a problem.

● How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion topic.

⑵當賓語,如:

● We must know what to say at a meeting.

● He could not tell whom to trust.

● Do you know how to play bridge?

⑶當補足語,如:

● The problem is where to find the financial aid.

● The question is who to elect.

⑷當名詞同位語,如:

● Tom had no idea which book to read first.

● Do you have a rough impression how to do it?

⑸當賓語補足語,如:

● Jim is not sure whose to choose.

● Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.

適用於“疑問詞+不定式動詞”的動詞包括:“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand”等。

有點值得特別注意的是:當這結構當賓語時,它的作用等於名詞分句,例如:

● I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.

● Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.

有些動詞,如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等,可以先有個賓語,然後才接着加上適當的“疑問詞+不定式動詞” 結構。例如:

● The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine.

● Have you told him where to get the application form?

綜上所述,可見“疑問詞+不定式動詞”結構是個形象清新,既容易用又不容易出錯的特別結構,可以多多運用。

同族詞都是一家人

導讀:在《前綴一加,詞義轉變》中提到同族詞(見1月17日《中英合談》)。所謂同族詞(family words)便是由同個詞根衍生出來的一羣實詞。例如:“art”(藝術)名詞是“art”和“artist”,形容詞是“artistic”,副詞是“artistically”。雖然這四個字的語音、詞形、詞類和詞義都不同,但都來自共同的詞根。

同族詞既然是由同一詞根派生而成,它們之間便有“血脈”關係,而且在詞義上,也常有相似之處。

學習英語詞彙時,可以利用同族詞這特色把每組詞集中起來,用對比方式,辨別每個詞的詞義和不同用法,然後加以記憶和運用,假以時日,不難水到渠成,詞彙豐富。

下面便是兩組同族詞的意思及其用法:

Ⅰauthorise(動詞)授權、批准

authorisation(名詞)授權、委任

authoritative(形容詞)權威的、命令式的

authority(名詞)權力、職權、權威

authorities(名詞)當局

① Dr Li has authorised David to act for him in his absence.

② The Ministry for Finance authorised the payment of annual increments.

③ One needs special authorisation to enter such a building.

④ This news came from an authoritative source, so it must be reliable.

⑤ The Commander-in-chief spoke in an authoritative tone.

⑥ As a senior officer, Jason is entitled to have authority over the clerical staff.

⑦ Who gave you authority to implement the new salary scheme?

⑧ Dr Wong is an authority on language teaching.

⑨ The authorities concerned must see to it that the same thing will not recur.

Ⅱclear(形容詞)清楚的、明白的、無嫌疑的、債務已清的;

(副詞)遠離的

(動詞)清除、解除。

clearance(名詞)清除、許可(證)

(修飾語)清貨

clearing (名詞)林中空曠的

clearly(副詞)清楚地

① The speaker's voice is clear enough to be heard.

② Can you make your last point clearer?

③ The suspect was clear of suspicion.

④ The gambler hopes to be clear of debts soon.

⑤ Unauthorised persons are advised to keep clear of the premises.

⑥ The police have cleared the road of obstruction.

⑦ If there exists misunderstanding among friends, please clear it up.

⑧ Have you seen any slum clearance?

⑨ The plane must get clearance for take-off.

⑩ Before Christmas, shopping centres have the habit of holding annual clearance sales.

11. The picnickers pitched their camp in the clearing.

12. Speak clearly or the audience at the back may not be able to hear you.

麻煩的複數名詞

導讀:讀者之聲,英文寫得很好,用字也很貼切;但是其中有個小錯誤,就是把複數的名詞誤以為單數,結果動詞也不對應了。

現在把這句話錄下:

“Another option is to prevent pneumonia in susceptible individuals by vaccination against the pneumococcal bacteria, which is a common cause of pneumonia.”

英語的“bacteria”(細菌)是個複數名詞,單數是“ bacterium”。既然如此,後頭形容詞分句裏的動詞應該是“which are”才是。

這個錯誤的根源,就是複數名詞“bacteria”引起的`;這類麻煩的複數名詞就是本文的主題

大家知道,英語名詞有單數和複數之分。通常名詞後頭有“-s” 或“-es”的是複數,但是不是所有的名詞都如此。許多外來詞,特別是技術專有名詞,是多彩多姿的,其複數形式並不加“-s”或“ -es”。下面便是些常見的例子:

㈠外來詞及其原有的複數形式,如:

① agendum: agenda; ② datum: data; ③ analysis: analyses; ④ criterion: criteria; ⑤ phenomenon: phenomena; ⑥ basis: bases.

㈡外來詞原有的複數或英語複數,如:

① curriculum: curricula/ curriculums; ② formula: formulae/ formulas; ③ index: indices/ indexes; ④ terminus: termini/ terminuses.

㈢有些名詞只有複數而沒有單數,如:

① scissors; ② spectacles; ③ trousers; ④ pants; ⑤ measles; ⑥ mumps; ⑦ annals; ⑧ assets.

㈣有些名詞形式是複數,但是含義是單數,如:

linguistics, economics, news, the Philippines.

㈤有些名詞形式是單數,但常當複數用,如:

people, police, cattle, vermin

㈥有少數複數名詞,既可當複數用,又可當少數用,如下列句子所示:

① The quickest means of travel is by plane.

② What Tom has just done is a means to an end.

③ What are the important means of transport in Singapore?

④ There are ways and means of solving a problem.

㈦有些名詞,單數是個意思,複數又是個意思,如:

① a. paper(一種原料,即紙)`

b. papers(報紙、文件)

② a. work(工作)

s(工廠、作品)

㈧有些名詞,單數有兩個意思,複數只有一個意思,如:

① a. people(人們、種族)

b. peoples(種族)

② a. light(光明、電燈)

b. lights(電燈)

③ a. practice(練習、風俗習慣)

b. practices(風俗習慣)

上述這些名詞,雖然有些麻煩,但是它們數目不多,只要留意些,就不會有什麼問題。

幾個發展迅速的詞綴

英語常用詞綴類別有限,數目也不太多。但是有幾個詞綴發展得相當迅速,令人注目。

下面便是三個運用愈來愈廣的前綴:

Ⅰde-

主要意思有三:

㈠“除去”,如:dewax(去蠟);去泡沫);degum(去膠);deflea(除去跳蚤)。

㈡“非……化”,如:denuclearise(非核武器化); decontaminate(非污染化);denationalise(非國有化); derecognition(撤銷承認)。

㈢“降低、向下”,如:de-emphasize(不強調); de-escalation(行動降級);devaluation(貶值); deindustrialisation(工業化降温)。

Ⅱmini-

這個前綴的意思是“小型”、“微型”,如:

mini-rocket(小型火箭);mini-budget(小預算案); mini-report(小型報告);mini-parade(小型檢閲);mini-break (小假期);mini-skirt(小裙)。

Ⅲsuper-

“Super-”這前綴的意思是“超級、在上”,如:

Superman(超人);super-star(超級明星);superpower(超級強國);supermarket(超級市場);superhighway(超級公路);super-ultra(最尖端的);super-saturated(過度飽和的); superabundant(極其豐富的)。

除了前綴之外,幾個後綴也漸漸普及起來,特別是在商業廣告以及政界、教育界等方面的新聞裏。

①副詞性後綴 -wise,意思是“在……方面”、“就……而論” ,如:

budgetwise(在預算案方面);moneywise(在金錢方面); savingswise(就積存資金方面而言);educationwise(就教育而論);manpowerwise(就人力而論);theorywise(就理論來説); careerwise(就事業來説);newswise(在新聞方面); publicitywise(在宣傳方面);curriculumwise(在課程方面)。

②名詞性後綴 -ee,意思是動作承受者,常和動作施行者“-er ”相對應。例如:

trainer:trainee;interviewer:interviewee; employer:employee;examiner:examinee.

此外,沒有對應的“-ee”派生詞也漸漸出現了,如:

retiree(退修人士);absentee(缺席者、曠課者);escapee (躲避者);refugee(避難者);devotee(崇拜者)。

③名詞性後綴 -nik,指從事某種工作的人。例如:

computer-nik(靠電腦工作的人);boatnik(酷愛划船的人);allright-nik(應聲蟲);peacenik(和平主義者);folknik(民歌手);popnik(流行樂歌手)。

英語派生詞哪裏來?

導讀:大家知道,派生法(derivation)是英語主要的構詞法。這方法是借前綴或後綴之助,製造出派生詞(derivative words),主要有名詞、形容詞和動詞三種。

前綴以否定前綴(negative prefixes)un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, dis-, mis-, mal-等為主,使延伸出來的派生詞變成反義詞。

Ⅰ名詞派生詞

Balance→imbalance;

pleasure→displeasure;

management→mismanagement;

efficiency→inefficiency;

concern→unconcern

;literacy→illiteracy

;resolution→irresolution;

interference→noninterference;

nutrition→malnutrition.

Ⅱ形容詞派生詞

Accurate→inaccurate;

patient→impatient.

regular→ irregular;

legal→illegal

native→non-native;

orderly→ disorderly;

common→uncommon.

Ⅲ動詞派生詞

Agree→disagree;

judge→misjudge;

treat→maltreat;

activate→inactivate;

use→ill-use;

mobilize→immobilize;

manage→mismanage;

quote→unquote.

除了否定前綴之外,其他常用的前綴還有 anti-, auto-, bi-, co-, counter-, de-, ex-, inter-, mono-, post, pre-, pro-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, tri-, ultra-等。例如:

anti-government(反政府);auto-intoxication(自我迷醉);bilateral(雙邊的);coexistence(共存);counter-argument (反建議);de-emphasize(不強調);ex-president(前任會長);international(國際間的);monolingual(單語的);post-war (戰後的);precaution(預先防備);pro-China(支持中國); re-state(重述);subhuman(低於人類的);superimpose(加在上面);trans-atlantic(橫跨大西洋的);triangle(三角); ultra-smart(超能的)。

前面例子證明,加上前綴後的詞,雖然意思改變,但詞性保持不變。相反的,加上後綴的詞,不但詞義有些改變,詞性也完全不同。這樣一來,動詞或形容詞加上適當的後綴之後,可以得到名詞派生詞,如:

amaze→amazement;

kind→kindness.

同樣的,名詞或動詞加上適當的後綴,便可以得到形容詞派生詞,如:

commerce→commercial;

depend→dependent.

最後,名詞或形容詞加上動詞性的後綴,可以得到動詞派生詞,加上副詞性後綴(僅限 -ly),則得到副詞派生詞,如:

fright(名詞)→frighten(動詞);modern(形容詞)→ modernize(動詞);beauty(名詞)→beautify(動詞);year(名詞)→yearly(副詞);quick(形容詞)→quickly(副詞)。