高中 定語從句
高中 定語從句。一起來看看吧。
一、定語從句的概念
在複合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的後面。
二、定語從句的關係詞
引導定語從句的關係詞有關係代詞和關係副詞,常見的關係代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關係副詞包括where, when, why等。關係代詞和關係副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又作定語從句的重要成分。
三、定語從句的分類
根據定語從句與先行詞的關係,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去,非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號分開,起補充説明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、關係代詞的用法
1. that 既可以用於指人,也可以用於指物。在從句中作主語或賓語,作主語時不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍色的。(that作賓語)
h用於指物,在句中作主語或賓語,作主語不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位於火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)
, whom用於指人,who 用作主語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。(作主語)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(作賓語)
注意:(1)當定語從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時,who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關係代詞前時,只能用“介詞+which/whom”結構。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小説。
(2)含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個人。
(3)that 作介詞的`賓語時,介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動詞的後面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠。
(4)關係詞只能用that的情況:
a. 先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或本身是序數詞、基數詞、形容詞最高級時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個通過考試的人。
b.被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店裏有什麼東西要買嗎?
c.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
d. 先行詞裏同時含有人或物時,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引導的特殊疑問句,為避免重複,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰?
f.主句是there be 結構,修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
(5)關係詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況:
a.先行詞為that, those時,用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什麼?
b.關係代詞前有介詞時,一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。
c.引導非限制性定語從句,用which, 而不用that.例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。
五、關係副詞的用法
(1)when指時間,其先行詞表示時間,在句中作時間狀語。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達的時間。
(2)where指地點,其先行詞表示地點,在句中作地點狀語。例如:
This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點。
(3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒人知道他為什麼上學總遲到。
自我測試 / Test Yourself
I.單項填空。
1. -Do you know the man ______is talking with your father?
-Yes, he’s our headmaster.
A. he B. who C. which D. whom
2. Is this the river _____I can swim?
A. which B. in which C. that D. the one
3. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know.
A. where B. which C. that D. it
4. Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day?
A. that you bought B. you bought it
C. that you bought it D. which you bought it
5. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands.
A. which agrees B. who agree
C. who agrees D. which agree
6. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.
A. that B. it C. which who
7. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate
A. who’s B. whose C. that of which.
8. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister.
A. which; is B. whom; was C. who; is D. who; was
9. I love places ______the people are really friendly.
A. that B. which C. where D. who
10. The world ______ is made up of matter.
A. in that we live B. on which we live
C. where we live in D. we live in
Ⅱ. 用適當的關係代詞that, which, who, whom填空。
1. The first thing ______you must do is to have a meal.
2. April 1st is the day _____is called April Fool’s Day in the west.
3. The family _____had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.
4. The house _____we live in is very old.
5. Didn’t you see the man ______I talked with just now?
參考答案:
I. 1-5BBCAC 6-10 ABCCD
Ⅱ. 1. that 2. which / that 3. who / that 4. that / which 5. who/ whom/ that
附:高中 定語從句易混淆的They ______ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _____on it as no good results have come out so far.
A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working
C. have been working; have worked D. have worked; are still working
解析:此題的時間參照點是before I joined them,,所以第一個空應該用過去完成進行時,第二個空根據時間now用現在進行時。
答案:A
2. It would be a good idea to use a plastic bottle, ___cut off, as a container to grow young plants in.
A. of which the top B. the top is C. the top of which D. with its top
解析:此題是獨立主格結構,如果題幹改為____is cut off,答案則為A或C
答案:A.C
3. ______ is it _____ has made Peter _____ he is today?
A. What; that; that B. That; that; what C. What; what; that D. What; that; what
解析:用還原法則為It is what that has made Peter what he is today可知是強調句式。
答案:D
4. Before he went abroad,he spent as much time as he _____ English.
A. could learning B. learned C. to learn D. could to learn
解析:spend time (in) doing sth如果改為he did what he ______,則答案為could to learn.
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