2015年託福閲讀推斷題考試指南

不同的同學有不同的擅長點，就像面對託福閲讀一樣，如果要説託福閲讀的十種題型，哪種最難，千人千答案，但如果我們從數據的角度來統計，就會發現，大多數的同學，對託福閲讀的小結題和推斷題，往往是要麼因為時間，要麼斟酌着不知道該選哪一項，從而大多數考生對這兩種題型比較抗拒，下面我們就為大家分享一下如何用正逆向思維解決託福閲讀推斷題。

説到推斷題，不要抗拒，更不要苦惱，雖然表面是推斷題看着是雲裏霧裏，但其實託福閲讀沒有你想像的那麼難，因為託福作為標準化的考試，肯定會有一定的答題技巧，託福文章有很清晰的邏輯結構，每個自然段往往是按照TS (Topic Sentence) + SD (Supporting details)展開的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects + Attitudes展開的。只有明白了文章的寫作思路才能更好更快的做對題目，作者必定是按照一定的行文順序編排段落的，如果畫一個水平軸作為事件發展的順序，推斷題是讓你從這個軸上的某一個點去推測，無非就兩個方向，順着軸發展的方向或者逆着軸發展的方向，也就是我們接下來要説的用正向和逆向思維去解決推斷題。

OG上將推斷題定義為檢查考生對文章中強烈建議但絕不明説觀點(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，屬於理解性題目，題目要求如下：

Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about X?

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about X?

According to paragraph 3, what do Y indicate about X?

According to paragraph 4, what does the author imply about X?

題幹中有出現infer, imply, indicate或suggest這四個單詞，我們就判定這個題目為推斷題，那麼推斷題應該如何解答呢?

第一步，判斷題型。我們拿到題目，看到上面四個單詞中的任何一個，心中就想着這是推斷題，推斷題的'做題宗旨是文章強烈暗示，要通過文章內容進行合理推斷。

第二步，審清題幹，原文定位。仔細閲讀題幹，弄清題幹內容，推斷方向，帶着題幹核心信息到文章中準確定位。

第三步，推測+判斷。根據相關句進行正向或逆向的推理，最後擇優而選，確定答案。

正向推斷：和事實信息題做題方法一樣，答案就是定位的句子的同義改寫。

逆向推斷：大致分為兩種，一種是時間，第二種是兩類事物的對比。

第一種，題幹中往往會出現表示時間的信息，比如：after 1932, since early years of the 19th century. 例如TPO 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:

Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.

○They were able to sell their produce at high prices

○They had not been successful in raising cattle.

○They did not operate in a national market economy.

題幹中出現了兩個信息，一個是western farmers, 一個是prior to 1815, 帶着兩條信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中沒有提到1815年之前，只有1815年之後，答案其實很簡單，只要把1815年之後的內容看懂了，並且在這個內容前面加not即可。舉個簡單的例子，“從現在起Jessica是個姑娘”，“請問你能推斷出昨天Jessica怎麼了麼?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了變性手術?”，其實這就算過分推斷了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是個姑娘。言歸正題，文中説到，改善的交通使得越來越多的西部農民擺脱了自給自足的生活，並且進入了國家性的市場經濟，那個時候貨物的價格很多，所以向西遷移的速率也大幅增長。

第二種：兩類事物的對比，往往文中會出現表示對比的關係詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。例如TPO 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2題，讓考生推測關於early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，會發現關鍵句中存在着一個unlike, 説不像sea otters, 想象一下早期鯨類比較困難(not easy=difficult)，那我們逆推一下，不就是説想象早期sea otters長什麼樣比較容易，正確答案中出現了not difficult, 所以這道題很簡單。當然ETS不會一直都出這麼簡單的推斷題，這裏只是給大家一個答題的方向。

Paragraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.