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英語美文非英語專業

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在學習、工作、生活中,大家應該都對美文很熟悉吧?什麼是美文?就像一千個人心中就有一千個哈姆雷特一樣,每個人心目中都有自己衡量美文的標準。那麼,你會寫美文嗎?下面是小編收集整理的英語美文非英語專業,供大家參考借鑑,希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。

英語美文非英語專業

英語美文非英語專業1

Love Your Life

However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it and call it hard names. It is not so bad as you are. It looks poorest when you are richest. The fault finder will find faults even in paradise. Love your life, poor as it is. You may perhaps have some pleasant, thrilling, glorious hours, even in a poor-house. The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-houses as brightly as from the rich man's abode; the snow melts before its door as early in the spring. I do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there, and have as cheering thoughts as in a palace. The town's poor seem to me often live the most independent lives of any. Maybe they are simply great enough to receive without misgiving. Most think that they are above being supported by the town; but it oftener happens that they are not above supporting themselves by dishonest means, which should be more disreputable. Cultivate poverty like a garden herb, like sage. Do not trouble yourself much to get new things, whether clothes or friends. Turn the old; return to them. Things do not change; we change. Sell your clothes and keep your thoughts.

英語美文非英語專業2

Abundance is a Life Style

Abundance is a life style, a way of living your life. It isn’t something you buy now and then or pull down from the cupboard, dust off and use once or twice, and then return to the cupboard.

Abundance is a philosophy; it appears in your physiology, your value system, and carries its own set of beliefs. You walk with it, sleep with it, bath with it, feel with it, and need to maintain and take care of it as well.

Abundance doesn’t always require money. Many people live with all that money can buy yet live empty inside. Abundance begins inside with some main self-ingredients, like love, care, kindness and gentleness, thoughtfulness and compassion. Abundance is a state of being. It radiates outward. It shines like the sun among the many moons in the world.

Being from the brightness of abundance doesn’t allow the darkness to appear or be in the path unless a choice to allow it to. The true state of abundance doesn’t have room for lies or games normally played. The space is too full of abundance. This may be a challenge because we still need to shine for other to see.

Abundance is seeing people for their gifts and not what they lack or could be. Seeing all things for their gifts and not what they lack.

英語美文非英語專業3

Clear Your Mental Space

Think about the last time you felt a negative emotion---like stress, anger, or frustration. What was going through your mind as you were going through that negativity? Was your mind cluttered with thoughts? Or was it paralyzed, unable to think?

The next time you find yourself in the middle of a very stressful time, or you feel angry or frustrated, stop. Yes, that’s right, stop. Whatever you’re doing, stop and sit for one minute. While you’re sitting there, completely immerse yourself in the negative emotion.

Allow that emotion to consume you. Allow yourself one minute to truly feel that emotion. Don’t cheat yourself here. Take the entire minute---but only one minute---to do nothing else but feel that emotion.

When the minute is over, ask yourself, “Am I willing to keep holding on to this negative emotion as I go through the rest of the day?”

Once you’ve allowed yourself to be totally immersed in the emotion and really fell it, you will be surprised to find that the emotion clears rather quickly.

If you feel you need to hold on to the emotion for a little longer, that is OK. Allow yourself another minute to feel the emotion.

英語美文非英語專業4

Work and Pleasure

To be really happy, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or that.” Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human being may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week’s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or business man, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.

英語美文非英語專業5

How to Keep Vital?

The critical element to physical vitality is ensuring that you have an abundant level of nerve energy. How do you do this? Realize that day-to-day you’re expending nerve energy through your actions, and as obvious as it sounds, you do need to make sure that you rest and recharge. By the way, how much sleep are you getting? If you’re regularly logging eight to ten hours of sack time, you’re probably getting too much sleep! Six to seven hours has been found to be optimum for most people. Contrary to popular belief, sitting still doesn’t preserve energy. The truth is, that’s usually when you feel most tired. The human nervous system needs to move to have energy.

To a certain extent, expending energy gives you a greater sense of energy. As you move, oxygen flows through your system, and that physical level of health creates the emotional sense of vitality that can help you to deal with virtually any negative challenge you could have in your life. So realize that a sense of vitality is a critical emotion to cultivate in order to handle virtual any emotions that come up in your life, not to mention the critical resource in experiencing consistent passion.

英語美文非英語專業6

The Love of Beauty

The love of beauty is an essential part of all healthy human nature. It is a moral quality. The absence of it is not an assured ground of condemnation, but the presence of it is an invariable sign of goodness of heart. In proportion to the degree in which it is felt will probably be the degree in which nobleness and beauty of character will be attained.

Natural beauty is an all-pervading presence. The universe is its temple. It

unfolds into the numberless flowers of spring. It waves in the branches of trees and the green blades of grass. It haunts the depths of the earth and the sea. It gleams from the hues of the shell and the precious stone. And not only these minute objects but the oceans, the mountains, the clouds, the stars, the rising and the setting sun---all overflow with beauty. This beauty is so precious, and so congenial to our tenderest and noblest feelings, that it is painful to think of the multitude of people living in the midst of it and yet remaining almost blind to it.

英語美文非英語專業7

摘要:

在當前大學英語教學改革日益深化的形勢下,開設面向高校非英語專業學生的英美文學課程已成為一個新的趨勢。新的形勢下面對新的授課對象,英美文學的傳統教學策略有待改進和完善。本文探討如何將任務型教學法落實到面對非英語專業學生的英美文學課程的教學中去。

關鍵詞:高校非英語專業學生;教學策略;任務型教學法;英美文學課程

英美文學是高校英語專業的必修課,教學大綱指出,英美文學課程“旨在通過引導學生閲讀和分析英美文學作品,促進學生語言基本功和人文素質的提高,增強學生對西方文學及文化的瞭解”[1],由此可見這門課程的重要意義。在許多高校的大學英語教學改革的過程中,英美文學課程也已經被視為教改課程的組成部分。

英美文學課程不僅僅適用於高等院校的英語專業學生,而且在大學英語教學改革的框架下,是能夠適用於並應當適用於高等院校非英語專業學生的,很多學者已經就此達成共識。因此,如何在新形勢下開設好這門課、專門研究面向高校非英語專業學生的英美文學課程的教學策略和方法就成了一個值得探討和深入研究的課題。近年來在大學英語教學中廣受提倡的任務型教學法為這個問題的解決提供了一個有效的解決方案。

一、大學英語教學改革下英美文學課程所面臨的形勢。

程愛民教授的課題組在對全國50所高校英美文學課程的教學情況的調查中發現,英美文學課程單一、課時偏少,課程難度偏高,導致大多數學生選擇去閲讀一些簡寫或縮寫本的文學作品,甚至用觀看原著改變的電影去代替閲讀名著[2]。目前看來,該調查所反映出來的英美文學課程教學相關問題,在高等院校的英語專業和非英語專業還是存在的,而對於非英語專業的學生來説,問題則顯得尤為突出。課時少是不可避免的問題,而讀簡寫本、甚至通過看電影的方式取代閲讀名著,也與他們薄弱的語言基礎有着密不可分的聯繫,因為原著內容畢竟難免艱深晦澀的。這些説明,英美文學課程需要有特定的教學方法與策略。

現有的外語教學方法,是因語言習得課程而設,並不能自動而有效地運用到語言和文化並重的英美文學課程中去,即使已有的教學實踐已經注意到適用於英美文學課程的教學法,那也主要是面向英語專業學生的,而非面向非英語專業的學生。隨着近年來大學英語教學改革的深入,英美文學課程也被納入了高等院校非英語專業學生選修課的範疇。但是因為種種原因開設的並不成功,出現了諸如學生上課沒有興趣,選課人數較少,不能和其他選修課程和後續課程,如ESP(專門用途英語)課程競爭的情況。於是人們對是否應該開設此類英美文學課程或者是否應該重視這門課程產生了疑問。英美文學課程在高等院校的開設是素質教育的要求,是英語教學大綱的要求,也是廣大學生的要求。

在大學英語教學改革中,面對新的形勢,英美文學課程應該努力尋找適合於自身及授課對象的新的教學法,積極探索任務型教學法在英美文學課程中的實現形式。

二、任務型教學法的理論基礎。

任務型教學法主要基於語言習得理論和哲學上的建構主義理論。20世紀80年代,美國語言學家S。D。 Krash—en提出了語言輸入假説。該假説認為語言習得的關鍵在於大量的可理解性的語言輸入。只要語言輸入達到一定程度,語言輸出就會自動產生,換言之即一定量的語言輸入是語言輸出的關鍵條件。[3]針對Krashen提出的假説,Swain提出了可理解輸出假説,該假説認為語言輸出與語言輸入在語言習得過程中同樣關鍵。成功的語言習得有賴於兩者的共同作用,而不能僅僅注重語言輸入而忽視語言輸出。[4]任務型教學法則是一種強調語言輸出的重要性的教學方法。

皮亞傑(J。Piaget)和科恩伯格(O。Kernberg)提出的建構主義理論也為任務型教學法提供了理論基礎。建構主義理論認為知識體系的建構有賴於人們彼此間的交往、溝通和互動。知識的獲取不是單向的和封閉的,而是雙向的和互動的。學習者不會單純地去吸收外界的信息和知識,而是趨向於從自身情況出發,考慮到自己的經歷、背景、興趣、愛好等因素,從而構建自己的知識體系,實現自我的提高和完善。在知識體系的構建過程中發揮着主體作用的是學習者本人而不是教師,因為後者的作用只在於幫助和促進。建構主義理論反對教師簡單地傳講授知識,提倡教師為學生創造自主習得的環境和機會,激發學生的學習積極性和興趣,鼓勵學生之間及師生之間的互動和協作,從而形成科學的知識構建過程。

三、任務型教學法在英美文學課程中的落實。

(一)任務型教學法任務設計的一般原則和注意事項。

範玲玲認為,依據實際教學環境,教師在編寫任務時應遵循以下幾個基本原則:以學生為中心,以大綱和教材為基礎,以學生需要和現實交際活動為參照;強調意義交流的重要性,促進學生之間和師生之間的交際願望和活動,使交流的願望和需要產生學習語言形式的動力;強化小組活動,促進小組成員間的協作學習;加強師生互動,讓學生參與到任務編寫、實施和評估的全過程中;利用多媒體優勢,培養學生自主學習的習慣和能力。[5]

任務的設計還應儘可能為學生營造一個輕鬆的、無心理壓力的語言環境,讓他們大膽運用英語進行交流,並體會到學習英語的樂趣,從而形成強烈的學習動機。[6]這些任務設計的原則和注意事項是任務型教學活動應予遵循的共通原則。所以在將其落實到面向非英語專業學生的英美文學教學過程中去的時候,也需要嚴格遵循。本文認為,可以從教材的編選、教學過程的設計以及科學評價體系的建立這三個方面去落實這些原則和注意事項。

(二)任務型教學法在英美文學教材編選中的落實教材是任何教學活動的基礎。

從目前的教材來看,任務型教學法在口語、綜合英語等教材中體現的比較明確,方便教師使用它去教學,但是在英美文學教材中這一方面並沒有得到很充分的體現,或者説,編者們在編寫教材的時候並沒有過多考慮將來授課的實際情況。目前通行的英美文學教材基本上是專門為英語專業編寫的,不可能充分而切實地考慮非英語專業教學的實際需要。從編寫的結構上講,這些教材多數採用年代順序,完全涵蓋文學背景、作家作品、作品選讀和難點註釋四個方面。這種固定而單一的教材編寫模式與以教師為主導的課堂教學活動有着直接的聯繫,強調文學史實和文學知識的灌輸,而忽略了興趣的開發。

這種教材也許適合英語專業的課堂教學模式,但是無疑給老師向非英語專業的學生講授英美文學帶來了很多難題。教師會在教材的影響下用大量時間來介紹學生並無興趣的背景知識,而無暇深入探討作品的主題。學生也會受教材影響習得專業的學習模式,興趣無從提高。對於艱深晦澀的英美文學經典作品,課後零星的註釋只能起到個別解釋的作用,並不能幫助他們把握文學作品的深刻內涵。王守仁教授明確指出這種形式“不能夠抓住學生的興趣和培養學生對文本整體的分析和感悟能力”[7] 實際上教材的針對性不強這一缺陷可以被教師用教學方法規避,但是那實際上是教師自主開發出來了一套教材,那麼原有教材的重要作用則沒有被充分發揮出來。教材畢竟是任何教學活動的基礎,為了更好的服務於任務型教學,一本系統而編排科學的教材是必須的。

沒有現成的教材可以運用,所以必須教師自主或者團隊編寫教材,從而最大程度符合高校非英語專業學生的實際需求和實際水平。從教材的形成和編寫方面就為將來的任務型教學打下基礎。從難度上講,選材應該這樣的原則:即篇章應當短小精悍,內涵深刻,儘量貼近生活而非過於抽象,詞彙量要適中,避免選擇難度過大、句子結構過於複雜的文章。另外材料應具有文體的多樣性,比如説肖伯納的話劇、海明威的短篇小説,林肯的就職演説以及一些現代通俗英文小説,比如華裔女性作家的作品,比如説與科技發展與環境問題相關的新時代的小説。按照英美文學作品的主題來編寫教材是一個很好的途徑。英美文學作品主題豐富,可以精心選擇一些意義深刻的、能夠抓住大學生興趣的、對非英語專業學生的思維開拓有助益的,或者與大學生生活和將來工作有關的主題,比如説人與自然的主題、環境保護、科技與人文的關係等等主題。對於這些主題,工科的非英語專業學生很容易產生興趣,對作品的閲讀有一種期待感。這樣教師在編寫任務的時候,就有很強的針對性和可行性,能夠起到很好的效果。

(三)任務型教學法在英美文學教學過程中的落實。

為了在教學過程中發揮任務型教學的優勢,許多學者提出了相應的教學模式,其中最著名的就是Willis提出的模式,它由前任務、任務環、後任務組成。三個階段中有不同的內容。任務按照從易到難的順序,可分為六種類型(Willis, 1996):列舉型任務、整理型任務、比較型任務、解決問題型任務、分享個人經歷型任務和創新型任務。[8]對此,教師要精心設置三個教學階段的任務,充分考慮任務的難度選擇有效的任務類型進行使用,從而將任務型教學法的效果最大化。任務型教學模式並非簡單將任務交給學生去做,較傳統的以教師為中心的教學模式來説,任務型教學法不僅沒有減輕老師的任務,反而有可能是任務的加大。老師不再是照本宣科,而是一種開放式探討式的課程,這對老師的授課能力提出了更高的要求,在面對非英語專業學生這一新的授課對象時,教師要有充分的準備。

按照任務型教學法的要求,英美文學課程應當採用主題式教學模式。主題式教學模式以現代語言教學理論及建構主義學習理論為基礎,以反映社會生活各方面內容的主題為學習內容,以主題到話題再到細節為主要教學步驟,逐步學習並建立較完整的反映主觀與客觀世界及社會交際需求的知識系統[9]48。建構主義學習理論認為知識不是經由老師傳授而得到的,而是學習者在一定的情境即社會文化背景下,藉助學習和他人的幫助,利用必要的學習資料,通過意義建構的方式而獲得的。學習的目的就是自主建構認知結構,學習者對事物的性質、規律以及事物之間的關係達到深刻的認識,知識不是雜亂無章地存儲在大腦中而是圍繞某一主題相互聯繫起來並形成的一定知識單元。[9]建構主義學習理論下的任務型教學就是要將任務以主題的形式呈現給學生,讓學生在老師的引導下自己去學習。

在課堂講授過程中,教師應先引導學生談談自己對相關主題的感想和經歷,進而引導學生去把握作品中的主題,體會作品是如何呈現這一主題的。通過分組的方式讓學生之間互相交流閲讀心得、比較彼此的`認識,在過程中相互學習,而不是尋求一個終極而正確的解讀答案。這種教學模式不是以老師為中心,而是以學生為中心,不是以背景知識為引入,而是鼓勵學生去發現主動發現,不是先去閲讀作品,而是通過主題的發現開拓閲讀的需求和興趣,讓學生從自身實際出發,主動地去尋找作品信息和自己需要的知識,而不是被動地去等待教師的傳授。

在具體的任務設計上,作為前任務,教師可以事先引導學生對即將學習的作品的主題進行了解,可以蒐集一些主題相近的中文作品進行閲讀,這樣在閲讀英文作品時有一比和參照,從而產生深刻的理解和共鳴。這個階段教師可以佈置一些類型簡單的任務,比如説,列舉型和整理型任務。“任務環”階段教師可以讓學生在課堂上發表自己的觀點和意見,任務難度可以適當提升,比如比較型任務和解決問題的任務。“後任務”階段,教師可以採用分享個人經歷型和創新型任務,可以鼓勵學生寫出一些意境豐富的短詩、小作品、寫讀書筆記,讀後感,並給他們創造在課堂上當眾朗誦的機會,還可以鼓勵學生通過網絡檢索對於作品的評論,在此基礎上寫出自己的補充性評論,總之,教師要通過“任務”加強“輸入”,也要通過“任務”給學生的“輸出”創造條件,在這個過程中,充分幫助學生髮揮學生學習的積極性和自主性,同時充分發揮自己的指導作用。

(四)任務型教學法在英美文學課程評價體系中的落實。

按照任務型教學的要求設置科學的評價體系。評價體系與教學模式是一一對應的,單一的評價體系必然導致單一的教學模式,而多元的評價體系必然帶來多元的教學模式。與任務型教學相對應的比較科學的評價形式是形成性評價。形成性評價是對學習者的動態的、綜合的、過程式的評價,重視評價本身會帶來的教育功能和發展功能,在西方發達國家早已成為評價學習者學習情況的主要方式。目前我國也已經認識到原有教育評價方式的單一性和片面性,正在提倡形成性評價。英美文學課程旨在提高學生的人文素質和對於語言的感悟能力,而不是考察學生的識記能力,也沒有一個量的指標,因此,原有的單一的終結性評價模式並不適合這一課程,反而會對該課程的開展起到消極作用,扼殺學生的學習興趣。所以應該重視形成性評價在該課程評價體系中的積極作用。

具體運用中採用師生共評、學生間互評的多元評價模式,將評價延伸到包括課堂外活動的學習者的整個學習過程。任務型的英美文學課堂中需要學生積極的參與和表現,而教師因為要充分發揮引導和組織的作用所以很難顧及到所有學生的表現,這種情況下學生的自評和互評是一個很好的選擇。教師還可以組織學生進行小組討論,對小組的整體表現做出評價,小組內部成員的表現則可以交由學生自己評價。這種方式將任務落實到了每一個學生,兼顧了整體和個體的表現,而且有利於學生之間相互督促,從而有效提高學習的積極性和興趣。對於課外學習的評價,學生日常對文學作品閲讀的讀後感也可以採用學生間互評合的方式,這既增加了評價的客觀性,又有利於促進學生之間的互相學習和帶動。另外情況允許還可以組織一些相關的學生團體活動,比如説莎士比亞戲劇團、詩歌朗誦協會等,通過學生參與這些社團的積極性和獲得的獎項對學生做出綜合性的評價。

三、結束語。

在高校開設針對非英語專業的英美文學課程不僅有助於提高廣大非英語專業學生對英語的感悟和運用能力,而且有助於提高他們的跨文化交際能力、文學鑑賞能力等綜合語言能力。該課程的成功開設有賴於傳統教學方法的改進與完善。任務型教學法是一種先進的教學方法,其在英美文學課程中的落實可以從三方面展開,即教材的選定和完善,教師教學意識、方法和策略的改進以及與之相適應的科學的評價體系的建立。實踐證明,任務型教學法是非常有效的語言教學策略,將它充分拓展從而運用到英美文學課程教學中去,必定會對當前的大學英語教學改革和大學生的語言及文化素質的提高起到積極的促進作用。

英語美文非英語專業8

Your Sense of Taste

Taste is one of our five senses. The others are hearing, sight, touch, and smell. You hear with your ears, you see with your eyes, and you taste things with your tongue.

On your tongue, you have groups of tiny taste buds. Taste buds send information about food to your brain. You have a lot of taste buds, maybe even 10 000! People don't have the same number of them. Women often have more taste buds than men.

Because of your taste buds, foods like ice cream and bananas taste sweet. French fries, cheese, and ocean water taste salty. Lemons have a sour taste, and coffee is bitter. We all know about these four main tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter.

Why does a sense of taste matter? For one thing, it helps people decide on safe things to eat. And of course, thanks to your sense of taste, you can enjoy all your favourite foods.

英語美文非英語專業9

Folklore -- Stories of Cultures

Folklore is the study of culture and history that is passed on through oral literature. The word "oral" means relating to the mouth, especially the spoken word. Oral literature includes stories, poems, and songs that are passed on by word of mouth. They are passed between family members and residents of villages, and from one generation to the next. Before written language and books, and long before computers, people passed information orally -- by telling stories and singing songs. In some parts of the world, the oral tradition is still the primary way of communication.

There are many different purposes of these songs and stories. Some stories and songs taught religious beliefs; others celebrated romance and the triumph of good over evil. Still others gave important moral lessons, especially to children. Many of these stories contained supernatural elements like fairies, witches and magic spells.

英語美文非英語專業10

Be Happy!

“The days that make us happy make us wise.”----John Masefield

When I first read this line by England’s Poet Laureate, it startled me. What did Masefield mean? Without thinking about it much, I had always assumed that the opposite was true. But his sober assurance was arresting. I could not forget it.

Finally, I seemed to grasp his meaning and realized that here was a profound observation. The wisdom that makes happiness possible lies in clear perception, not fogged by anxiety nor dimmed by despair and boredom, and without the blind spots caused by fear.

Active happiness---not mere satisfaction or contentment ---often comes suddenly, like an April shower or the unfolding of a bud. Then you discover what kind of wisdom has accompanied it. The grass is greener; bird songs are sweeter; the shortcomings of your friends are more understandable and more forgivable. Happiness is like a pair of eyeglasses correcting your spiritual vision.

Nor are the insights of happiness limited to what is near around you. Unhappy, with your thoughts turned in upon your emotional woes, your vision is cut short as though by a wall.

英語美文非英語專業11

Slow Food

Italians know and love good food. It's at the heart of their culture. They don't like to rush through their meals, either.

In 1986, something happened in Italy. A McDonald's opened in Rome. Many Italians were surprised and angry. They thought, "This is an attack on Italian culture!" one man, Carl Petrini, decided to fight back. "Fast food is the enemy," he said. He started a group called Slow Food. Today about 80 000 people from over 100 countries belong to the group. It began as a humorous but determined attempt to preserve Italian foods and support small restaurants from the pressures of international fast food companies. It has grown into an international movement to preserve local foods and culinary traditions and to conserve agricultural biodiversity.

Fast food is reaching more and more parts of the world. But Slow Food is getting its message to more and more people, too.