直+細+巧 三字箴言掃託福閲讀障礙

託福閲讀部分是托福考試聽、説、讀、寫四部分會考查的第一部分，也是最容易提高分數的部分，因而考生要想方設法提高這一部分的分數。下面天道小編就向考生介紹攻克託福閲讀的三字箴言——“直”“細”“巧”，希望對考生答題有所幫助。

　　“直”的原則

所謂“直”，是指託福閲讀出題思路直接，所有題目的答案几乎都可以在文章中找到非常明顯的對應點。這一特點告訴考生，在解題時，考生一定要根據原文內容來解題，避免“小題大做”，人為地把題目想象得太複雜，否則就是自己給自己找麻煩。就拿考生最熟悉的細節題來説，託福閲讀細節題的解題要點有兩個要點：一是根據題幹關鍵詞回原文定位答案範圍;二是將題目選項與原文語句相對照，正確選項往往是原文語句的同義替換。因此，考生在解題時，一定要對照選項與原文語句之間的異同，找出與原文語句意思最相似的選項，也就找到了正確答案。

　　“細”的原則

所謂“細”，是指考生在利用題幹關鍵詞回原文定位答案範圍時一定要細心。我們知道，考生在解答託福閲讀題時，最常用到的解題方法就是利用題幹中出現的關鍵詞回原文定位答案範圍，然後根據定位到的內容選出正確答案。由於題幹中有些關鍵詞(尤其是專有名詞)在原文中不止出現一次，因而考生一定要細心，找出原文中所有含該關鍵詞的句子，然後再從中選擇與題幹要求最接近的句子來定位答案範圍，進而選出正確答案。很多考生由於沒有注意到這一點，導致定位錯誤，進而與正確答案失之交臂，實在是非常可惜。

以一道例題為例。

The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state. (TPO3“The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems”的第四段)

6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?

A. They are more resilient than pioneer communities.

B. They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.

C. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.

D. They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.

解析：這道題是一道細節題，考生可利用題幹中的關鍵詞climax communities將答案範圍定位到原文第四段。定位時，考生可能會根據該段第四句話“In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time”而認為選項C是正確答案。事實上，考生如果細心的話，會發現climax community在該段共出現了不止一次，第二次出現在該段最後一句話中，且形式也是複數，與題幹表述一致，而最後一句話的意思恰恰與第四句話的意思相反。所以，根據精確定位的原則，考生應該依據該段的最後一句話選出本題的答案，即選項B。

　　“巧”的原則

所謂“巧”，是指考生在回原文定位答案範圍時應該選擇最恰當的題幹關鍵詞，並從託福閲讀考試的特點出發，巧妙而又精確地定位答案範圍。“巧”的原則具體體現在以下幾個方面：

①用於定位的題幹關鍵詞一般包括人名、地名、數字、關鍵名詞或動詞等，考生在回原文定位答案範圍時，可同時利用多個關鍵詞進行定位，原文中包含題幹絕大多數關鍵詞的部分最有可能是答案所在;②在利用關鍵詞回原文定位時，考生可根據原文中出現的特殊標點符號(如破折號、連字符、引號、括號等)、數字、專有名詞等這些比較明顯的提示進行跳讀，題乾的關鍵詞以及題目的答案範圍往往就出現在這些有明顯提示信息的表達附近;③由於閲讀部分的考查點經常與轉折、比較、否定、因果等邏輯密切相關，因而考生在定位答案範圍時可根據這些重要的考點來進行精確定位。結合這三點，考生便能又快又準地找到出題人設計答案所依據的句子，最後再按照“直”的原則選擇答案。

實戰演練

考生在解答託福閲讀題目時，應將上文所述三字箴言結合起來使用，做到“直”來“直”去、“細”中有“巧”、“巧”中有“細”。下面就以《新托福考試官方指南》閲讀部分Practice Set 5 裏面的第8題為例，來講解如何使用這三字箴言來解題。

Paragraph 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades’ Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor’s strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers’ right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.