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比賽出場順序影響選手成績英語美文

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The Best Man Won"t Always Win

比賽出場順序影響選手成績英語美文

美國研究學者通過對近50年來各類大型比賽結果的研究後發現,參賽選手在比賽中越是最後出場,獲得冠軍的可能性就越大。

The best way to come first is to go last. An analysis of almost 50 years of competitions - including Eurovision Song Contests and world skating championships - has found that contestants are more likely to win if they are among the last to appear before the judges.

要想獲得比賽冠軍,你最好最後一個出場!美國研究學者通過對近50年來各類大型比賽結果的研究後發現,參賽選手在比賽中越是最後出場,獲得冠軍的可能性就越大。這項研究結果似乎為那些最優秀的選手卻有可能輸掉比賽的情況提供了某些科學依據。

據英國《每日電訊報》2月20日報道,致力於“社會與分類科學”研究的美國卡內因梅隆大學的萬迪·布魯恩博士對近50年來的各類大型比賽,特別是對1957年至2003年的歐洲音樂大賽和1994年至2000年的世界或歐洲花樣滑冰錦標作了詳細的調查研究。布魯恩發現,在歐洲音樂大賽中,最後出場選手的取勝機率要比第1位選手的高出一倍,通常情況下,第1位選手的取勝機率只有6%,而最後一位選手可達到13%;同樣,在花樣滑冰錦標賽的第1輪中,即使選手出場的順序是隨機產生的,但比賽的結果卻很富有戲劇性:最後一位出場選手取勝的機率高達14%,而第1名選手僅為3%。

布魯恩的研究結果顯示,比賽中越早出場的選手獲勝的機率越低。一場比賽中,第1位出場選手取勝的機率比第2名低2%,第2名又比第3名低2%……對此,布魯恩表示:“這種現象將對選手的成績產生嚴重的影響。人們總在關心是哪位選手最後奪冠,但卻很少有人注意到出場順序對他們最後成績的影響。”

布魯恩還指出,儘管比賽的評判方式各有不同(如滑冰比賽的評委在每位選手錶演完後直接給分;歐洲音樂大賽從1998年開始要所有選手都出場後才進行評分),評判過程也受到包括種族偏見在內的眾多因素的影響,但結果卻是一致的:隨着比賽的進行,選手的得分大都呈直線上升。

布魯恩説:“當評委在比較選手的表現時,他們總是不自覺地留意選手發揮出的獨特的表現。我發現,評委印象最深的總是那些他們剛剛看到的獨特的'表現。以花樣滑冰為例,第1位選手完成了一個出色的趾尖旋轉動作,而第2位選手完成了一個很漂亮的“八字環”動作。這時,評委的注意力就會集中在“八字環”上,並把第1位選手所做的“八字環”動作的質量與第2位的進行比較,結果他們往往是忘記了第1位選手精彩的趾尖旋轉動作。同時,除了評判的因素外,選手自身的心理素質也影響着他們的成績。選手的出場順序越是靠後,他們就越有可能發揮出色,因為當他們看見其他選手的表現後,更容易激發他們擊敗對方的決心和信心。”

布魯恩的研究成果刊登在了美國最新一期的科學雜誌《心理行為》上。

英國倫敦城市大學心理學高級講師、決策學專家羅伯特·哈德曼稱讚布魯恩的研究成果很有意義,並指出選手出場順序對於他們成績的影響緣於人類記憶力的侷限性。哈德曼説:“當人們對不同的事物作比較時,往往不能同時記住眾多事物不同的優點,而是容易將注意力集中到自己最後關注到的事物的優點上。”。哈德曼還説,對於最先上場的選手,評委無法將他們的表現和其他人的進行比較,所以給分時會很謹慎;隨着比賽的進行,評委們很容易將後面選手的表現與前面的進行比較,給出的分數就會相對寬鬆,因為這時評委對自己的評判更有把握。

然而,對於布魯恩的研究結果也有人表示反對。曾在1963年至1968年5次蟬聯歐洲花樣滑冰錦標賽的冠軍、現任英國國家滑冰協會主席薩利·斯特普利弗德表示,正規比賽的評委都經過了嚴格的訓練,一般不會作出不準確的評判。她説:“如果評委經過了專門訓練且經驗豐富,布魯恩研究中的那些情況是不會發生的。評委們通常會對每位選手的關鍵動作作出迅速的記錄,所以那些得分最低的選手,確實是表現最差的選手。”

The best way to come first is to go last. An analysis of almost 50 years of competitions - including Eurovision Song Contests and world skating championships - has found that contestants are more likely to win if they are among the last to appear before the judges.

The study by an American university appears to provide scientific proof that the best man, or woman, does not always win.

It found that, on average, the last competitor to appear in the Eurovision Song Contest was more than twice as likely to win as the one who went on first. The first candidate had only a six per cent chance of winning, compared with a 13 per cent chance for the final contestant.

The first rounds of figure-skating championships, for which the running order is selected at random, yielded more dramatic results. The final skater had a 14 per cent chance of victory, making him or her more than four times as likely to win as the first skater, who had just a three per cent chance of winning.

The study showed a gradual worsening of chances for contestants who appeared earlier in the running order. A candidate who appears first in a contest is two per cent less likely to win than one who appears second. A candidate who appears second is two per cent less likely to win than one who appears third, and so on.

Dr Wandi Bruine de Bruin, from Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, the author of the study, said: "This effect can have serious implications for the careers of performers.

"Most of the attention goes to the winner and you wouldn"t want to come in second just because of your place in the programme."

The findings are published in the March issue of Acta Psychologica, a scientific journal.

Robert Hardman, a senior lecturer in psychology at London Metropolitan University who specialises in the science of decision-making, said that the results were intriguing. He suggested that the effect was caused by the limitations of the human memory.

"When people make comparisons, they aren"t really capable of making a lot of fine-grade discrimination. When candidates appear at the beginning of a contest, judges have little to compare them to and are perhaps wary of the scores they give," he said.

"Later on, when judges are able to compare the candidates to those that have gone before, they might give more extreme marks because they feel more confident about their judgments."