定語從句難題

　　(一)關係代詞that和which 使用時應注意的幾點

1.在下列情況下只用that，不用which

① 先行詞是all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much, the one等不定代詞時

There is nothing ( that ) I can do.

I mean the one that was brought yesterday.

② 先行詞被all, any, every, no, some, little, much等詞修飾時

I have read all the books (that) you gave me.

You may take home any of these books that you like.

③ 先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時

This is the first composition (that)he has written in English.

This is the best novel (that) I have ever read.

④先行詞被the only, the very(正是,恰是), the same, the last修飾時

The white flower is the only one ( that) I really like.

This is the very book (that) I want to find.

The last place( that) we visited was the hospital.

This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.

⑤ 當先行詞有兩個或兩個以上時,既有人又有物,定語從句用that 引導 (that既可指人也可指物)

He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

2.下列情況不能使用that,而用which

① that 不能引導非限制性定語從句

Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.

② that不能置於介詞之後(介詞後指物用which,指人用whom)

The person to whom I am speaking just now is our English teacher.

The prize for which he worked so hard was a new bicycle.

　　(二)as 做關係代詞的用法

1.關係代詞常出現在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等結構中

This is not such a book as I expected.

I live in the same building as he (lives in).

Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.

As many children as came here were my father’s pupils.

★ the same…that…和the same…as…的區別

I have bought the same watch as you have.

我買了一塊和你一樣的手錶。(我的手錶和你的手錶很像，但不是同一塊。)

This is the same watch that I lost. 這就是我丟的那塊手錶。(這手錶和我丟的手錶是同一塊)

引導非限制性定語從句，指代逗號前的整個句子(即先行詞)，可置於句首或句末。

This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.

Mary was late for school, as often happened.

As is known to all, the earth is round.

★ as 指代一句話和which 指代一句話的用法區別

as 的這種用法通常出現在一些固定短語之中如：

has been said before 如上所述

may be imagined正如可以想象出來的那樣

is well known 眾所周知

was expected正如預料的那樣

has been already pointed out正如已經指出的那樣

we all can see 正如我們都會看到的.那樣

which則不需要，例如：

The man died last night, which is a lie.

as 替代一句話即可放句首也可放句末，而which只能放句末。

　　(三)定語從句中的主謂一致

引導詞在定語從句中作主語時，其謂語動詞人稱和數要根據引導詞所指內容而定。例如：

1. Here are such sentences as are often used by the students. ( as指代sentences，謂語動詞用are)。

2. I, who am a Party member, should work hard for our country.( who指代I, 謂語用am.)。

3. He was one of the students who were praised for it. ( who指代the students) 他是被表揚的學生之一。

4. He was the only one of the students who was praised for it. ( who 指the only one)他是唯一被表揚的學生。

　　(四)易與定語從句混淆的其他複合句

1.定語從句與同位語從句

定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關係“。。。的(名詞)”。而同位語從句是用來説明前面名詞的內容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表事實或概念的抽象名詞，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定語從句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替;而that在同位語從句中不充當任何句子成分，只起連接作用。試比較：

① We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位語從句，that從句表示news的內容，that 在從句中不作任何成分)

② We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.

(定語從句，that 作told 的賓語)

2.定語從句與狀語從句。試比較：

① He left the key where he had been an hour before.

(where引導地點狀語從句，相當於in the place where)

② He left the place where he lived for many years.

(where 引導定語從句，修飾the place)

③ He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.

(as 引導定語從句)

④ He is such a good teacher that we all like him.

(that引導結果狀語從句,such…that… “如此…以致…”

3.定語從句與主語從句。試比較：

① As is known to us all, paper was first made in China.

(as 引導定語從句，指代整個主句內容，可置於句首)

② It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.

(it 做形式主語，代替that 引導的主語從句)

4.定語從句與強調結構。試比較：

① It is the house where I met the young man.

(where 引導定語從句，修飾house，where在定語從句中作地點狀語)

② It was in the house that I met the young man.

(本句為強調結構，可還原為I met the young man in the house.)

下面咱們一起來分析幾道定語從句的難題。

例 is the young man _______ looked for _______ caught the murderer.

A. that …who B. that …they C . they …that D they…which

分析：答案是C。本題考查了定語從句和強調句式。強調句式的結構是

“It is + 強調部分 + that/who….”。they looked for前省略了關係代詞 that,因為先行詞the young man 在從句中做looked for的賓語。強調句為It is the young man who/that caught the murderer.本句意思是“是那個他們尋找的年輕人抓住了殺人犯”。

例 this factory _______ we visited last year?

A. where B in which C the one D at which

分析：做這題首先要明白一個概念。被定語從句修飾的名詞前一般都有the，因為它已被限定。所以此題還原成陳述句應該是this factory is______ we visited last year. 而不是this is factory ______ we visited last year.知道這一點後做題容易了，不能選A, B, D。因為句子沒有先行詞。所以答案是C。從句前省略了關係代詞that/which。題目如改為Is this the factory ________we visited last year? 空格處應該用which 或 that。

例 book, the cover _______ is broken, is not mine.

A. of it B for C whose D of which

分析：答案是D。先行詞the book 代入從句應該是 the cover of the book is broken.相當於whose cover。

例 is Mr Smith, _____ I think has something interesting to tell you.

A who B whom C that D x

分析：此題同學們容易錯選B，認為先行詞Mr. Smith做think 的賓語。I think, you think, do you think 等表明某人觀點的短語是插入語。插入語的特點是去掉不影響句子表達。所以做題時遇到插入語，先去掉，This is Mr. Smith, _______ has something interesting to tell you。很容易得到答案A.

例 _______ has seen the TV film doesn’t admire it?

A that B who C which D as

分析：先行詞是who，到是指人，可為了避免重複，不用who，而用能指代人的that。答案是A。

例 can never imagine what great trouble I have had ________ the patient who Received a serious wound.

A. treat B. to treat C treating D treated

分析：迷惑的答案是D，同學們容易根據had確定用過去分詞。而做好這題，

關鍵是知道句型have trouble(difficult) doing sth 做某事有困難。定語從句部分是I have had (great trouble)treating the patient.而patient 後又有一個定語從句。答案是C。

例 is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson.

A. when B that C which D in which

分析：答案是B。這裏的time不指時間，而是次數。所以用that引導。

例8.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her.

A that B on which C which D as

分析：此題先行詞是the way，用...方式的短語是in this way。所以定語從句應該是in which you laugh at her。但習慣上也可説that you laugh at her。或者什麼也不用you laugh at her。答案是 A。