水利水電英語課文翻譯

英語課文翻譯需要掌握一定的詞彙和技巧，當然英語課文翻譯可以幫助提高學生的英語水平。以下是小編整理的水利水電英語課文翻譯，歡迎閲讀。

　　水利水電英語課文翻譯1：Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性

Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring in relatively pure form on the earth‘s surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land. The Polar Regions are overlaid with vast quantities of ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water in the atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of 50,000 tons.

在地球表面以相對純的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人們最熟悉的、最豐富的一種化合物。在水中，氧這種最豐富的化學元素與氫結合，其含量多達89%。水覆蓋了地球表面的大約3/4的面積，並充滿了陸地上的許多裂縫。地球的兩極被大量的冰所覆蓋，同時大氣也挾帶有佔其重量0.1%～2%的水蒸氣。據估計，在温暖的夏日，每平方英里陸地上空大氣中的水量約為5萬噸。

All life on earth depends upon water, the principal ingredient of living cells. The use of water by man, plants, and animals is universal. Without it there can be no life. Every living thing requires water. Man can go nearly two months without food, but can live only three or four days without water.

地球上所有的生命都有賴於水而存在，水是活細胞的基本組分（要素）。人類、植物和動物都得用水。沒有水就沒有生命 。每一種生物都需要水。人可以接近兩個月不吃食物而仍能活着，但不喝水則只能活三四天。

In our homes, whether in the city or in the country, water is essential for cleanliness and health. The average American family uses from 65,000 to 75,000 gallons of water per year for various household purposes.

在我們的家庭中，無論是在城市還是農村，水對於衞生和健康來説都是必不可少的。美國家庭的年平均用水量達6.5～7.5萬加侖。

Water can be considered as the principal raw material and the lowest cost raw material from which most of our farm produces is made. It is essential for the growth of crops and animals and is a very important factor in the production of milk and eggs. Animals and poultry, if constantly supplied with running water, will produce more meat, more milk, and more eggs per pound of food and per hour of labor.

水可以被認為是最基本的和最廉價的原料。我們的農產品，大部分都是由它構成的。水是農作物和動物生長的要素，也是奶類和蛋類生產的一個很重要的因素。動物和家禽，如果用流動的水來餵養，那麼每磅飼料和每個勞動小時會生產出更多的肉、奶和蛋。

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For example, apples are 87% water. The trees on which they grow must have watered many times the weight of the fruit. Potatoes are 75% water. To grow an acre of potatoes tons of water is required. Fish are 80% water. They not only consume water but also must have large volumes of water in which to live. Milk is 88% water. To produce one quart of milk a cow requires from 3.5 to 5.5 quarts of water. Beef is 77% water. To produce a pound of beef an animal must drink many times that much water. If there is a shortage of water, there will be a decline in farm production, just as a shortage of steel will cause a decrease in the production of automobiles.

例如，蘋果含87%的水分，蘋果樹就必須吸收比蘋果多許多倍的水分；土豆含75%的水分，那麼種植每英畝土豆就需要若干噸水；牛奶含水量為88%，為了生產每夸脱牛奶，母牛需要3.5～5.5 夸脱的水；牛肉含77%的水，為生產1磅牛肉牛必須飲用許多磅水。如果缺水，就會使農產品減產，就像缺乏鋼會引起汽車產量下降一樣。

In addition to the direct use of water in our homes and on the farm, there are many indirect ways in which water affects our lives. In manufacturing, generation of electric power, transportation, recreation, and in many other ways, water plays a very important role.

水除了直接為我們的家庭和農場利用外，它還以許多間接的方式對我們的生活產生影響。在製造、發電、運輸、娛樂以及其他許多行業，水都起着很重要的作用。

Our use of water is increasing rapidly with our growing population. Already there are acute shortages of both surface and underground waters in many locations. Careless pollution and contamination of our streams, lakes, and underground sources has greatly impaired the quality of the water which we do have available. It is therefore of utmost importance for our future that good conservation and sanitary measures be practiced by everyone.

我們對水的利用隨人口的增長而迅速增加。在許多地方，無論地面水或地下水都已經嚴重短缺了。由於任意污染河流、湖泊和地下水源，已經大大地損害了人們能夠利用的水的水質。因此，人人有責對水採取保護措施和衞生措施，這對於我們人類的未來是極端重要的。

　　水利水電英語課文翻譯2：Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循環

In nature, water is constantly changing from one state to another. The heat of the sun evaporates water from land and water surfaces, this water vapor (a gas), being lighter than air, rises until it reaches the cold upper air where it condenses into clouds. Clouds drift around according to the direction of the wind until they strike a colder atmosphere. At this point the water further condenses and falls to the earth as rain, sleet, or snow, thus completing the hydrologic cycle.

在自然界中，水總是不斷地從一種狀態改變成另一種狀態。太陽熱使陸地和水面上的水蒸氣。這些水蒸氣（一種氣體）由於比空氣輕，會上升直至達到高空冷氣層，並在那裏凝結成雲。雲層隨風飄蕩，直至遇到更冷的大氣層為止。此時水便進一步冷凝，並以雨、雹或雪的形式落到地面。這樣便完成了水的循環。

The complete hydrologic cycle, however, is much more complex. The atmosphere gains water vapor by evaporation not only from the oceans but also from lakes, rivers, and other water bodies, and from moist ground surfaces. Water vapor is also gained by sublimation from snowfields and by transpiration from vegetation and trees.

然而，完整的水循環要複雜得多。由於蒸發作用，大氣不僅從海洋而且從湖泊、河流和其他水體，以及從潮濕的地表面獲得水蒸氣。也可從雪地中雪的昇華和從植物與樹木的蒸騰獲得水蒸氣。

Water precipitation may follow various routes. Much of the precipitation from the atmosphere falls directly on the oceans. Of the water that does fall over land areas, some is caught by vegetation or evaporates before reaching the ground, some is locked up in snowfields or ice-fields for periods ranging from a season to many thousands of years, and some is retarded by storage in reservoirs, in the ground, in chemical compounds, and in vegetation and animal life.

降水可以有各種不同的途徑。大部分降水都直接落到海洋。落在陸地區域內的水，有些被植物所攝取，或降至地面之前就蒸發了；有些被封凍在雪原或冰川中達一個季度乃至成千上萬年；有些則因儲存在水庫、土壤、化合物以及動植物體內而滯留下來。

The water that falls on land areas may return immediately to the sea as runoff in streams and rivers or when snow melts in warmer seasons. When the water does not run off immediately it percolates into the soil. Some of this groundwater is taken up by the roots of vegetation and some of it flows through the subsoil into rivers, lakes, and oceans.

降到陸地區域的水可能作為溪流與江河的徑流，或在温暖季節融化的雪水直接回到海洋。當降水不立即流走時，它會滲入土壤。這些地下水中有一些被植物的根吸收，有一些則通過下層土壤流入河流、湖泊和海洋。

Because water is absolutely necessary for sustaining life and is of great importance in industry men have tried in many ways to control the hydrologic cycle to their own advantage. An obvious example is the storage of water behind dams in reservoirs, in climates where there are excesses and deficits of precipitation (with respect to water needs) at different times in the year. Another method is the attempt to increase or decrease natural precipitation by injecting particles of dry ice or silver iodide into clouds. This kind of weather modification has had limited success thus far, but many meteorologists believe that a significant control of precipitation can be achieved in the future.

因為水對於維持生命來説絕對必要，在工業上也很重要，所以人們為了自身的利益試圖以各種方式來控制水的循環。一個明顯的例子就是在一年中不同的時間根據當地降水的多寡（按對水的需要來説）將水儲存在水庫中。另一種方法是試圖將乾冰或碘化銀微粒射入雲層來增多或減少天然降雨量。雖然這種改造氣候（人工影響天氣）的方法迄今只取得了有限的成功，但許多氣象學家都認為，有效地控制降水在將來是可以做到的。

Other attempts to influence the hydrologic cycle include the contour plowing of sloping farmlands to slow down runoff and permit more water to percolate into the ground, the construction of dikes to prevent floods and so on. The reuse of water before it returns to the sea is another common practice. Various water supply systems that obtain their water from rivers may recycle it several times (with purification) before it finally reaches the rivers mouth.

其他一些影響水循環的努力包括沿等高線耕作梯田，以使徑流減速，讓更多的水滲入地下；建築堤壩以防洪水等。在水迴歸大海之前將它重複使用，也是一種常用的方法。自河道取水的各種供水系統可將水在最終到達河口之前，經過淨化，可重複使用多次。

Men also attempt to predict the effects of events in the course of the hydrologic cycle. Thus, the meteorologist forecasts the amount and intensity of precipitation in a watershed, and the hydrologist forecasts the volume of runoff.

人們還試圖預測水循環過程中一些事件的結果。例如，氣象學家預報一個流域的降雨量和降雨強度；水文學家預報徑流量等。

　　水利水電英語課文翻譯3：Lesson 3 hydrology 水文學

1、history歷史

The first hydraulic project has been lost in the mists of prehistory. Perhaps some prehistoric man found that pile of rocks across a stream would raise the water level sufficiently to overflow the land that was the source of his wild food plants and water them during a drought. Whatever the early history of hydraulics, abundant evidence exists to show that the builders understood little hydrology. Early Greek and Roman writings indicated that these people could accept the oceans as the ultimate source of all water but could not visualize precipitation equaling or exceeding stream-flow. Typical of the ideas of the time was a view that seawater moved underground to the base of the mountains. There a natural still desalted water, and the vapor rose through conduits to the mountain tops, where it condensed and escaped at the source springs of the streams. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (ca. 100 B. C.) seems to have been one of the first to recognize the role of precipitation as we accept it today.

最早的水利工程在有史以前就已經銷聲匿跡了。也許史前的人曾發現橫貫河流的一堆石頭就能提高水位，足以淹沒作為生長野生食用植物源泉的土地，而這樣在乾旱季節就能給植物澆水。不論水力學的早期如何，充分的的跡象表明，建造者們還不懂多少水文學知識。早期的希臘和羅馬文獻説明這些人承認海洋是一切水的主要源泉，但是不能想象降雨量會等於或超過河道徑流量。當時典型的想法是海水從地下流到山脈底部，那兒有一個天然蒸餾器除去水中的鹽分，水汽通過管道上升到山頂，在那裏凝結，並從河流的源頭流走。M.V.波利歐（大約公元前100年）看來就是像我們今天這樣認識降水作用最早的人。

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was the next to suggest a modern view of the hydrologic cycle, but it remained for Pierre Perrault (1608-1680) to compare measured rainfall with the estimated flow of the Seine River to show that the stream-flow was about one-sixth of the precipitation. The English astronomer Halley (1656-1742) measured evaporation from a small pan and estimated evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea from these data. As late as 1921, however, some people still questioned the concept of the hydrologic cycle.

達芬奇（1452-1519）是提出水文循環現代觀點的第二個人，但一直到P.貝羅特（1608-1680）才把觀測的雨量與估算的塞納河的徑流量進行比較，説明河川徑流量約為降雨量的1/6.英國天文家哈羅（哈雷）從一個小盤子中測得的蒸發量，並且用這一資料估算地中海的蒸發量。然而直到1921年，有一些人仍然對水文循環的概念表示懷疑。

Precipitation was measured in India as early as the fourth century B.C., but satisfactory methods for measuring stream-flow were a much later development. Frontinus, water commissioner of Rome in A.D. 97, based estimates of flow on cross-sectional area alone without regard to velocity.

In the United States, organized measurement of precipitation started under the Surgeon General of the Army in 1819, was transferred to the Signal Corps in 1870, and finally, in 1891, to a newly organized U.S. Weather Bureau, renamed the National Weather Service in tered stream-flow measurements were made on the Mississippi River as early as 1848, but a systematic program was not started until 1888, when the U.S. Geological Survey undertook this work. It is not surprising, therefore, that little quantitative work in hydrology was done before the early years of the twentieth century, when men such as Hortan, Mead, and Sherman began to explore the field. The great expansion of activity in flood control, irrigation, soil conservation, and related fields which began about 1930 gave the first real impetus to organized research in hydrology, as need for more precise design data became evident. Most of today‘s concepts of hydrology date from 1930.

印度早在公元前4世紀就測量降水量了，但是令人滿意的測量河道流量的方法很遲才得到發展。公元97年，羅馬水利專員福朗堤努斯只按橫斷面面積估算流量，而不考慮流速。在美國，有組織地測量降水量是1819年在陸軍軍醫總監領導下開始的，1870年移交給通信兵團，最後，在1891你那移交給新改組的美國氣象局，該局於1970年改名為國家氣象局。早在1848年密西西比河上就進行分散的河道流量測量了，但是，直到1888年美國地質調查局承擔這項工作時，才開始實施系統的觀測計劃。霍德、米德和謝爾曼等人在20世紀早期剛開始對這一領域進行探索，因此，在這時期之前，在水文方面沒有進行什麼定量工作是不足為奇的。大約從1930年起，由於在防洪、灌溉、土地改良和有關領域中開展了大量活動，第一次為有組織地研究水文學提供了真正的動力，因為需要更精確的設計資料，這已是十分明顯的事了。大多數現代水文學的概念從1930年就開始有了。

2、hydrology in engineering水文學在工程中的應用

Hydrology is used in engineering mainly in connection with the design and operation of hydraulic structures. What flood flows can be expected at a spillway or highway culvert or in a city drainage system ? What reservoir capacity is required to assure adequate water for irrigation or municipal water supply during droughts? What effects will reservoirs, levees, and other control works exert on flood flows in a stream? These are typical of questions the hydrologist is expected to answer.

在工程上，水文學主要用於水工建築物的設計和運行，溢洪道、公路涵洞、或者城市排水系統會期望有什麼樣的洪水流量？需要多大的水庫庫容才能保證乾旱季節裏有足夠的灌溉水量或城市供水呢？水庫、堤壩或其他控制工程對河流洪水流量有什麼影響？這些典型的問題等待水文學家去解答。

Large organization such as federal and state water agencies can maintain staffs of hydrologic specialists to analyze their problems, but smaller offices often have insufficient hydrologic work for full-time specialists. Hence, many civil engineers are called upon for occasional hydrologic studies.

It is probable that these civil engineers deal with a larger number of projects and greater annual dollar volume than the specialists do. In any event, it seems that knowledge of the fundamentals of hydrology is an essential part of the civil engineer’s training.

像聯邦和州轄水利機構這樣的大型組織，擁有一批水文專家來分析他們的問題，但較小的單位往往沒有足夠的水文工作給專職水文專家做。因此，許多土木工程師們應邀進行臨時的水文研究。這些土木工程師處理的.工程和年費用可能比水文專家還多。無論如何，水文學的基礎知識看來是培訓土木工程師所必不可少的一部分。

3、subject matter of hydrology水文學研究的主要內容

Hydrology deals with many topics. The subject matter as presented in this book can be broadly classified into two phases: data collection and methods of analysis. Chapter 2 to 6 deals with the basic data of hydrology. Adequate basic data are essential to any science, and hydrology is no exception. In fact, the complex features of the natural processes involved in hydrologic phenomena make it difficult to treat many hydrologic processes by rigorous deductive reasoning. One can not always start with a basic physical law and from this determine the hydrologic result to be expected. Rather, it is necessary to start with a mass of observed facts, analyze these facts, and from this analysis to establish the systematic pattern that governs these events. Thus, without adequate historical data for the particular problem area, the hydrologist is in a difficult position. Most countries have one or more government agencies with responsibility for data collection. It is important that the student learn how these data are collected and published, the limitations on their accuracy, and the proper methods of interpretation and adjustment.

水文學研究很多問題。本書所介紹的主要內容可大致分成兩個方面：收集資料和分析方法。2～6章研究水文學的基本資料。充足的基本資料是任何一個一門科學所不可少的，水文學也不例外。事實上，水文現象中也包含着許多自然過程的複雜特徵，用嚴密的推理來處理許多水文現象是困難的。人們並不總是能夠從基本的自然法則出發，並由此來推求預期的水文結果。相反，從大量觀察的事實出發，分析這些事實，並根據分析建立控制這些事件的系統模型確實十分必要的。因此，對於沒有足夠歷史資料的特殊疑難地區，水文學家就將陷入困境。大多數國家有一個或更多的政府機構負責收集資料，重要的是要讓學生學會這些資料是如何收集和刊出的，瞭解這些資料的精確度的侷限性，學會整理分析和校正這些資料的專門的方法。

Typical hydrologic problems involve estimates of extremes not observed in a small data sample, hydrologic characteristic at locations where no data have been collected (such locations are much more numerous than sites with data), or estimates of the effects of man‘s actions on the hydrologic characteristics of an area. Generally, each hydrologic problem is unique in that it deals with a distinct set of physical conditions within a specific river basin. Hence, quantitative conclusions of one analysis are often not directly transferable to another problem. However, the general solution for most problems can be developed from application of a few relatively basic concepts.

典型的水文問題包括估算小的數據樣本中無法觀測到的極值及估算無資料地區（這種地區比有資料的地區多得多）的水文特徵值，或者估算人類活動對該地區水文特徵值的影響。一般來説，每一個水文問題都是不同的，因為它涉及到特定流域內特有的自然條件。因此，某種分析所得的定量結論常常不能直接移用到另一個問題上。然而，應用一些比較基本的概念可以得出大多數問題都適用的一般解決方法。