大學聯考英語不同體裁文章的閲讀方法

議論文

議論文也就是説理性的文章，一般由論點、論據和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點、提供充分的證據（evidence），使用一定的`邏輯方法證明觀點或得出結論。

閲讀議論文我們要抓住論題、抓住作者提出的觀點、給出的例證及最後得出的結論。抓住了論題、抓住了觀點，我們就把握了中心，再結合作為論據的諸多事例和理由之間以及它們和觀點/結論之間的內在聯繫，我們就能理解文章的結構。因此，閲讀議論文的關鍵是：抓論題、抓觀點。

看看下面一篇例文：

（05 江蘇卷 E段）

The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.

Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.

The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.

Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind．The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.

William Shakespeare said．“The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（紗線）, good and ill together. “The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said．But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?

解析：作者在第一段提出論題：

The progress in science caused the changes in the twentieth century. 接下來，第二、三段作者提出論據：The progress in science has brought us advantages and the continuation of the progress will surely result in even greater advantages.第四段作者從另一方面提出論據：The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind．再接下來，按行文結構作者應該作出結論，但作者在第五段並沒有直接説出不言自明的結論（We should separate the good from the ill.），而是用了幾個問句：But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war? 這樣可引起讀者對結論的深入思考，引起讀者的重視。

看看下面的理解題：

72．Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?

73．From the fourth paragraph, we can infer that .

A．a great many nuclear weapons were actually used for war

B．a large number of nuclear weapons should have been used for war

C．the author is doubtful about the ruin of human beings by nuclear weapons

D．the author is anxious about the huge number of nuclear weapons on the earth

74．The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .

A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy

75．What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?

A．Further application of science to war.

B．More reading of William Shakespeare.

C．Proper use of science in the new century.

D．Effective ways to separate the good from the ill.

（參考答案：ADBD）