定語從句的倒裝

定語從句的倒裝結構

Please translate：

This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.

【知識點】定語從句的倒裝結構。

“介詞+關係代詞+從句謂語+從句主語”，即將整個謂語放在主語前面。我們的學習不僅要知其然，還要知其所以然。那麼，為什麼要採用倒裝呢？往往是因為定語從句的主語較複雜，所以按照英語的尾重原則而後置了。

【句子拆分】

this is the world——主句；

out of which ... of a society——定語從句，修飾world；

where there ... from fear——定語從句，修飾society。

【翻譯難點】

1、for the first time in history 為插入語，不要因此影響了對原句的理解。插入語可以先不看，再調整原句語序，得到 the hope of a society grows out of which (the world)，表示”希望建立這樣一個社會“。

2、freedom from want and freedom from fear，其中freedom from來自於形容詞短語 free from，表示“免除，沒有”。另外要注意名詞 want 意思為”貧困“。所以整個短語可譯成”擺脱貧困，擺脱恐懼“。

【精品譯文】

在這個世界，人類首次希望建立這樣一個社會——在那裏，他們將會擺脱貧困，擺脱恐懼。

大家的譯文這次都有不同程度的理解錯誤呢。本句不長，不妨當成經典背下來，再遇難句也不怕了。

這個時代給人希望，在歷史長河中，這是第一次免於匱乏，免於恐懼的世界。

有史以來第一次，這個世界能夠出現一個沒有缺失與恐懼的自由社會。

這是一個助長希望的世界。這個世界將前所未有地沒有物慾和害怕。

這是有史以來第一次整個世界充滿了希望，沒有貧窮，沒有恐慌

根據句意填上適當的關係詞或介詞+關係詞（難度較低，適合初學定語從句者）。

　　附：定語從句中的`十種常見錯誤

　　一、省去作主語的關係代詞致錯

誤：The changes have happened in the past few years make the city look even more beautiful.

正：The changes that have happened in the past few years make the city look even more beautiful.

誤：Those want to visit the art exhibition sign your names，please.

正：Those who want to visit the art exhibition sign your names，please.

分析：關係代詞在定語從句中作賓語時可以省，但作主語時不能省。

　　二、從句中使用多餘的代詞或副詞致錯

誤：The compositions we handed them in two weeks ago haven’t been marked yet.

正：The compositions we handed in two weeks ago haven’t been marked yet.

分析：從句中省去了作賓語的關係代詞that或which，應去掉them。

誤：After living in Paris for 60 years，he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child there.

正：After living in Paris for 60 years，he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.

分析：關係副詞where在從句中作地點狀語，使用there屬語義重複，應去掉。

　三、as / it / which混用致錯

誤：As is known to all that smoking does great harm to health.

正：It is known to all that smoking does great harm to health.或As is known to all，smoking does great harm to health.

分析：as引導非限制性定語從句，置於句首時，要用逗號與主句隔開;it放在句首，作形式主語時，將從句後置，中間不用逗號。

誤：Tom drinks a lot every day，as his wife doesn’t like at all.

正：Tom drinks a lot every day，which his wife doesn’t like at all.

分析：as引導的非限制性定語從句既可放在主句後，也可放在主句前和主句中，而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句後。當主句與從句語義一致時，通常用as，反之則用which。

　四、從句中誤用人稱代詞或物主代詞致錯

誤：China has hundreds of islands，the largest of them is Taiwan.

正：China has hundreds of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan.或China has hundreds of islands，and the largest of them is Taiwan.

分析：人稱代詞只能用在獨立的單句或分句中，不能用在定語從句中。

誤：The boss in her department Ms King worked looked down upon women.

正：The boss in whose department Ms King worked looked down upon women.

分析：物主代詞不能在定語從句中作定語，定語從句中用whose作定語，修飾department。

　五、關係代詞與關係副詞混用致錯

誤：I live in Hong Kong，where is the Special Administrative Zone.

正：I live in Hong Kong，which is the Special Administrative Zone.

誤：Is this museum the one when some German friends visited the other day？

正：Is this museum the one that some German friends visited the other day？

分析：關係代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語，關係副詞在從句中作狀語。

　　六、用 ing結構替換定語從句致錯

誤：The girl bringing milk here every morning is from a mountain village.

正：The girl who brings milk here every morning is from a mountain village.

誤：The scholars returning from abroad recently were awarded by the local government.

正：The scholars who had returned from abroad recently were awarded by the local government.

分析：當定語從句的謂語動詞表示經常性或習慣性的動作或定語從句謂語動詞的動作先於主句謂語動詞的動作時，不宜用v.？鄄ing替換定語從句。

　七、that與which混用致錯

誤：The weather turned out to be very good，that was more than we expected.

正：The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we expected.

誤：The stories about the Second World War were written，of that this is one example.

正：The stories about the Second World War were written，of which this is one example.

分析：that和which使用情況有別，不可混淆。在非限制性定語從句中及介詞後要使用which。下列情況須用that：1.先行詞為something/anything/everything/nothing/all/much/little等;2.先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數詞修飾;3.先行詞被all/the/very/the only等修飾;4.先行詞既有人，又有物時。

　八、 謂語動詞的人稱和數與先行詞不一致致錯

誤：I，who is your close friend，will certainly help you when in trouble.

正：I，who am your close friend，will certainly help you when in trouble.

分析：定語從句謂語動詞的人稱和數應與先行詞保持一致。

誤：This is the only one of the tape？鄄recorders in the sound lab that don’t need repairing.

正：This is the only one of the tape？鄄recorders in the sound lab that doesn’t need repairing.

分析：one前有the only修飾，因此one為先行詞，從句謂語動詞用單數does’t need。

　九、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句區分不清致錯

誤：Abraham Lincoln who led the American people through these years was shot at a theatre in Washington，D. C.

正：Abraham Lincoln，who led the American people through these years，was shot at a theatre in Washington，D. C.

分析：限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾、限定的作用，非限制性定語從句對先行詞進行補充説明。當先行詞為專有名詞或表示“唯一”事物時，要用非限制性定語從句。

　　十、固定搭配不當致錯

誤：The house was sold at such a low price that people hadn’t expected.

正：The house was sold at such a low price as people hadn’t expected.

分析：先行詞前若有such/the same/as/so等詞修飾時，從句須用as引導。先行詞前若有形容詞比較級修飾時，從句一般用that引導。