優秀中學生英語演講稿

演講稿是為了在會議或重要活動上表達自己意見、看法或彙報思想工作情況而事先準備好的文稿。在快速變化和不斷變革的新時代，我們使用上演講稿的情況與日俱增，來參考自己需要的演講稿吧！下面是小編收集整理的優秀中學生英語演講稿，歡迎大家分享。

優秀中學生英語演講稿1

The birds are feeding situation, sheep milk are kneeling grace. We, human, as masters of the universe, also there is gratitude, gratitude. Thanksgiving is the source of power, love of the root, the courage of the. Let us learn to Thanksgiving, harvested in different life.

First of all, we should be grateful for our parents. Because the love of parents, we came to this world. We live to love, love is to carry out, let the world be full of love, let the world is full of gratitude. Our parents, not only because they brought us to this world, but because they are selfless love, has raised us up, the education of our life, our responsibility, share the burden, happy with our happiness. Parents, is our life will always be the one, even if we always with gratitude.

Then, we want to live a life of gratitude. Because of life, let us grow. In this process, we may experience more failure, but because of a failure again and again, so that we will become more splendid success, so we should appreciate, thank you for these teaches us how to have better life failed, thanks to these make our life more brilliant success. Thanks to life, let us experience again the story fresh, let us experience more rich. Thanks to life, let us know.

Thanksgiving is valuable. Because Thanksgiving, we grow up happily. Then, we want to thank friends. What is a friend? Friend is who grows with us, is the most loving thing and the people you share. Friends are those in your fly high very fast when, not screaming for you, not about how you badly, but to worry you won't fall down, then you do to prepare the people. Because of this friend, we can only be reckless to break through, to fight, as we know, our friends will be behind the strong fortress. Therefore, we should be friends. To friends, and friends happy growth.

Furthermore, to thank those who have let you grow, make you strong, you once they snub sb. Because of them, only let you have after unwilling person idea. They will think of you for a scathing attack, is the so-called criticism will have progress. Therefore, we often criticized in the growth, make progress, be happy. Indifference of the people, thank you ever look down on me, so I do not bow, live more wonderful.

Finally, we want to thank your. Only you really know what they want, can do what, has been holding on to something. May be many people misunderstood, misunderstood. At that time, only their most wronged, and only know best. Therefore, their Thanksgiving, thank your patience, insist, your success.

In the growth of the road, let us have a thankful heart, happy Thanksgiving, Thanksgiving society, the world to live a life of gratitude, thank you my he! Thank you.

優秀中學生英語演講稿2

Good morning my friends,I am a student from class 1 and my name is zou yu ting.I am very glad that I can have the chance to make a speech before you. The topic of my speech is 'We need friendship'.

The word 'friend' has many meanings. It can be a partner, a playmate as well as a confident. In all, our friends play an important role in our lives.

Maybe you will ask me 'What is friendship? ' people say that friendship is a ray of sunshine in the dark. Friendship can make you away from darkness and can cheer you up at the same time.

Based on this, you may come up with another question 'Why we need friendship? ' everyone needs friendship. No one can live alone. As life is full of difficulties, we need friends to support and help us out. Our friends give us warnings against danger. Our friends offer us advice with regard to how to deal with various situations. True friends share not only happiness, but also sadness.

As an old saying goes, a friend in need is a friend in deed. Fortunately, I have a true friend. She is not beautiful but very kind. Every time I met with problems, she gave me courage and confidence to overcome

difficulties. When I was in low spirits, she told me some funny jokes to cheer me up. When I caught in distress , she rushed to me to lend a helping hand. All these make it easy to stay with her. But every time when I greatly thanked her, she disappeared in the crowd.

Last but not the least. 'How should we make friends? 'Personally I think the most important thing is to be friendly. Cheerfulness is the basis of friendship. Believe it , smile is an attractive thing. A friendly person always thinks of others. People who refuse to consider others have few friends.

With friendship, life is happy and harmonious. Why don't you treasure our friendship? Come on, everyone! Let's try our best to make friends.

I hope my speech will be successful. That's all. Thank you for listening.

優秀中學生英語演講稿3

So many people underestimate the power and importance of a smile， that simple little facial expression characterized by an upward curving of the corners of the mouth.

A smile has many meanings: pleasure， friendliness， welcome， amusement， and many more; and it is part of a universal body language that doesn’t need any extra interpretation.

Plus a smile， with all its simplcity and beauty， can be a very important factor in many aspects of our lives:

You fall in love with a new country you visit because its people greet you with a welcoming smile everywhere you go; other countries you just don’t like even though they might have more history， nature， entertainment and whatnot because their people don’t seem so friendly or accepting.

You feel like buying from a certain store when the vendor welcomes you in with a smile， sometimes even if you wouldn’t intially have bought anything; and in other stores， even though they have exactly what you need or better， you decide to walk away because the vendor doesn’t look welcoming at all.

You want to give a waiter a good tip when he serves you with a smile， even if the food turns out not that good; on the other hand， sometimes you’ll have some of the best food ever， but you won’t feel like giving the waiter a tip， even if you do， because he was grumpy.

More and more examples from our everyday life show how much a simple smile can change everything.

Forever engraved in my mind will be the smiling faces of the people of Thailand， the friendly pizza delivery boy， the welcoming supermarket vendor， the nice cashier at the bank， …etc.

It is these smiles that keep me wanting to go back， and that keep us all wanting to go back; looking at it from another view， if we break it down using business sense， a smile is one of the most effective means to generate sales and develop customer loyalty.

On top of all that， a smile is a very simple and easy thing to do， so it amazes why no one bothers to do it， it not only makes the person in front of you better， but it also makes you feel better as well， and I’m not making this up， it has been psychologically proven.

Personally， I’d like to see more smiling faces in this world; in the airports when I enter a new country， in companies， government agencies， restaurants， hotels， banks， everywhere; and I think it is up to governments to campaign about this， and even make it obligatory in certain important places like airports， hospitals， hotels…etc.

Let’s all simply smile.

譯文：

因此，許多人低估了微笑的力量和重要性，即簡單的面部表情，是嘴角向上彎曲的特徵。

微笑有很多含義：快樂，友好，歡迎，娛樂，和更多;它是一個通用的身體語言的一部分，不需要任何額外的解釋。

再加上一個微笑，所有的simplcity和美麗，可在我們生活的許多方面的一個非常重要的因素：

你愛上了一個新的國家，你看因為它的人問你用微笑歡迎你去的地方;其他國家，你只是不喜歡儘管他們可能有更多的歷史、自然、娛樂和諸如此類的東西，因為他們看起來不那麼友好的或接受。

你想從某個商店的`時候供應商歡迎你在微笑着買，有時候即使你不買東西，在最初;其他的商店，即使他們正好有你需要的東西或更好，你決定離開，因為供應商看起來並不歡迎所有。

你想給服務員小費時，他是一個很好的你一個微笑，即使食物不好;另一方面，有時你會有一些最好的食物，但你不想給服務員小費，即使你做到了，因為他脾氣暴躁。

從我們的日常生活中有越來越多的例子顯示，一個簡單的微笑可以改變一切。

永遠銘刻在我的腦海將是泰國人民的笑臉，友好的比薩餅交貨的男孩，歡迎超市供應商，在銀行的好收銀員，…等等。

正是這些微笑讓我想回去，讓我們都想回去，從另一個角度看它，如果我們打破它使用的商業意識，微笑是最有效的手段來產生銷售和發展客户忠誠度。

最重要的是，微笑是一個非常簡單和容易的事，所以很奇怪為什麼沒有人願意做的，它不僅使人在你面前，但它也會讓你感覺更好，我不是這個，這是心理上的成熟。

就個人而言，我想看到更多的笑臉在這個世界上，在機場，當我進入一個新的國家，在公司，政府機構，餐館，酒店，銀行，到處都是，我認為這是政府對這一活動，甚至使它在某些重要的地方，如機場，醫院，酒店等強制性的。

讓我們簡單的微笑。

優秀中學生英語演講稿4

Hello, everyone, I’m Liu Dongdong. I’m a student. There are three people in my family—my father, mother and I.

My father is 40 years old. He is a worker. I think he is a good worker. Because he works very hard. He gets up very early every day and he works for more than 10 hours a day. So he is always busy, he looks very tired when he gets 國小 home. He likes reading newspapers. He usually reads it after supper. So he gets lots of news.

My mother is 38 years old. She is a worker too. She works in a very small factory. She is not tall and she has two big eyes. She loves me and she is good for me. She always buys some books for me. She wants me to be a top student. She also cares for my diet and life.

I’ m 15 years old. I wear glasses. I like reading. I always read books after school. I like singing, too. My favorite singer is Jay Chou. His music is very nice. What do you think of him? I also like making friends. If you want to meet me, please write to me.

Oh, my parents love me and I love them, too. My family is a happy family.

優秀中學生英語演講稿5

I wanna welcome everybody here in this cheer team. thank you for coming here this morning to stand on my side cheering me on. it’s my dream to have the opportunity to challenge all the foreign athletes to the championship at this great occasion: 20xx olympic games. now, the dream came true. as an athlete of china, i’m here to win the gold medal of orienteering for our motherland.

I’m so proud of being one of the best players in the world. but could you believe i had been a lazy girl when i was in junior high. i’m not kidding! at that time, running was my last favorite. i really don’t know how to describe the first time i was on the track. it was horrible. when i started to run, i was simply out of breath. and while i touched the finishing line, i really didn’t know if i was still alive. it’s so funny, huh? but it’s true, i did.

Well, something happened and changed the situation. we won the right of holding the olympic games in 20xx. after that, sports became a kind of game in campus. and there are many sports clubs in school. one day someone asked me:“are you gonna try one of those?”first i felt so wired.

“Try to get into sports clubs? are you kidding?” i said. and she goes: “why not? it’s not hard at all, and so fascinating!” so i did tried one and i was so lucky to become one of those who did orienteering. that is a fantastic sport! you need to run and find where to go just by using a map and a compass. it’s wasn’t popular in china at first. but when we heard it might become a new event in 20xx, we did practiced hard, and aimed to win the first champion of orienteering in the world. when we practiced, there were a lot of troubles. you know, sometimes you need to go with your feet, but sometimes you need to go with your heart. in some situations, we faced the difficulties and problems. and we need to solve that through teamwork and strong willpower. so we can run faster, go higher and be stronger. that is what we say—olympic spirit.

Now the dream came true. i’m standing here with all my body and my heart put in sports. so do the people from all over the world to here at the olympic games. it’s the olympic games that make us together. we are here for a big day of sport; we are here for a dream of sports. we are here for a spirit of sport that encourages us to face the difficulties of today and tomorrow.

優秀中學生英語演講稿6

good evening, everyone!

throughout my years of being a student, i’ve had many teachers. none of them are the same, but the one that i’ll never forget and will always miss is my chinese bilingual teacher in the middle school i attended in seattle, ms. ho. she was a skinny, but stylish lady in her 50s. she was different from all the other teachers because she gave me something unforgettable.

ms. ho and i became friends right in the first semester i was in that middle school. at the same time, i was having a really hard time with my subjects. since i had just transferred from a bilingual school, where i had stayed for two months after arriving in the us, my english was horrible; my average grade was below c. i almost thought it impossible to learn english. then, one day she told me she strongly believed that i was capable of controlling my life, and i would be just fine. she said that she found we were much alike: both were stubborn, kind-hearted and a little bit simple-minded. she believed that i had the quality of becoming wise. she even said that she didn’t have any worries about me, about my not learning english. with her encouragement, i found the strength within myself and began to desire to work even harder. as a result, i soon proved her right, and at the end of the semester, i got a 3.8 average grade.

today, i still keep in touch with her, and she still tells me how she believes in me. sometimes, i’d think back, and wonder how i could handle all those things if it wasn’t for her encouragement and trust. could i be the person i am today? then, it struck me: what we need has always been trust and love of others; because these things inspire us to do our best, and to live our life to its fullest.

to sum up, i’d like to say to all of you: let us all appreciate trust and love of others and achieve our full potential in our life!

優秀中學生英語演講稿7

saying goodbye to childhood,we step into another important time in the pace of young,facing new situations,dealing with different problems.....

everyone has his ownunderstanding of young,it is a period of time of beauty and wonders,only after you have

experienced the sour ,sweet ,bitter and salty can you really become a person of time of young is limitted,it may paby without your attention,and when you discover what has happened ,it is always too ping the young well means a better time is waiting for you in the near future,or the situation may be opposite .

having a view on these great men in the history of hunmanbeing,they all made full use of their youth time ,to do things that are useful to society,to the whole mankind,and as a cosquence ,they are remembered by later

generations,admired by do something in the time of young,although you may not get achievements as these greatmen did ,though not for the whole word,just for youeself,for those around!

the young is just like blooming flowers,they are so beautiful when blooming,they make people feel happy,but with time passing by,after they withers ,moet people think they are so it is the same with young,we are enthusiastic when we are young,then we may lose our passion when getting older and we must treasure it ,don't let the limitted time paby ,leaving nothing of significance.

2.

ladies and gentlemen , good afternoon! i’m very glad to stand here and give you a short speech. today my topic is “youth”. i hope you will like it , and found the importance in your youth so that more cherish it.

first i want to ask you some questions:

1、 do you know what is youth?

2、 how do you master your youth?

youth

youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind ; it is not rosy cheeks , red lips and supple knees, it is a matter of the emotions : it is the freshne; it is the freshneof the deep springs of life .

youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite , for adventure over the love of ease. this often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20 . nobody grows old merely by a number of years . we grow old by deserting our ideals.

years wrinkle the skin , but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul . worry , fear , self –distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust .

whether 60 of 16 , there is in every human being ‘s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living . in the center of your heart and my heart there’s a wirelestation : so long as it receives messages of beauty , hope ,cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long as you are young .

when the aerials are down , and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old ,even at 20 , but as long as your aerials are up ,to catch waves of optimism , there is hope you may die young at 80.

thank you!

優秀中學生英語演講稿8

ladies and gentlemen,

i have had a lot of teachers in my school who have given me much help in my study. for their help i will never forget them. but today i am going to talk about a special teacher of mine. this teacher is not a human being and its name is“computer”. it has been teaching me a lot of knowledge and i appreciate it very much.

with the development of modern science and technology, computers are widely used in every teritories including education. how can a computer be my teacher? how does a computer teach me? multimedia helps a lot in this aspect in recent years, and computer-based training has become a popular educational medium . even before the multimedia come up, many different learning systems appeared, using the components and techniques we now associate with the term “multimedia”. multimedia components, such as graphics , animations , sound and video, make the learning process easier through visualization. animations can present many complex subjects dynamically, but human teachers can not do this on blackboards. multimedia makes our study more lively and interesting. for example, a cd-rom disk named “encarta encyclopedia” contains 650 mb information including images, graphics, music clips, video clips, animations , texts, hotwords, and database search functions. fields involved includes physical

sciences, performance arts, social sciences, politics, military, education and so on. when pressing a button, i can hear american president clinton's speech clip. i may enjoy playing all kinds of musical instruments in the world. i can also see the animation of many physical phenomena. this makes physical concept to be understood deeply . the audio features of multimedia can greatly help me learning foreign languages. with its speech output capabilities, i'm no longer dependent on an instructor for proper pronunciation.

how can i interact with a computer? there are many ways, including keyboard, mouse pointer, and touch screen. i often use a keyboard. when i press right keys, i can see and hear whatever i want. information world is at my fingertip. i wish that true speech input-output system would be invented one day.

as teachers, computers have a lot of virtues：they are positive, they have good memories and never lose any information stored in them. they have much knowledge in every field. they can let out all kinds of sounds, and can also improve the efficiency of our study. for example, if i want to, i can skip some chapters so that i can study at my own pace.

although computers will never take the place of human teachers, they are welcomed by more and more learners. computers will continue to evolve with the aid of modern technologies. computers are so powerful, helpful and important that everybody needs it, especially in the future! i love my computer teacher!

thank you.

優秀中學生英語演講稿9

I am Chinese. I am proud of being a Chinese with five thousand years of civilization behind. I've learned about the four great inventions made by our forefathers. I've learned about the Great Wall and the Yangtze River. I've learned about Zhang Heng and I've learned about Zheng says the Yellow River Civilization has vanished?

I know that my ancestors have made miracles on this fertile land and we're still making miracles. Who can ignore the fact that we have established ourselves as a great state in the world, that we have devised our own nuclear weapons, that we have successfully sent our satellites into space, and that our GNP ranks No. 7 in the world? We have experienced the plunders by other nations, and we have experienced the war. Yet, based on such ruins, there still stands our nation----China, unyielding and unconquerable!

I once came across an American tourist. She said, “China has a history of five thousand years, but the US only has a history of 200 years. Five thousand years ago, China took the lead in the world, and now it is the US that is leading.”My heart was deeply touched by these words. It is true that we're still a developing nation, but it doesn't mean that we can despise ourselves. We have such a long-standing history, we have such abundant resources, we have such intelligent and diligent people, and we have enough to be proud of. We have reasons to say proudly：we are sure to take the lead in the world in the future again, for our problems are big, but our ambition is even bigger, our challenges are great, but our will is evengreater.

I am Chinese. I have inherited black hair and blackeyes. I have inherited the virtues of my ancestors. I have also taken over responsibility. I am sure, that wherever I go, whatever I do, I shall never forget that I am Chinese!

Thank you.

優秀中學生英語演講稿10

Good afternoon, Ladies and gentleman, Welcome to Shenzhen institute of technology. I'm a student from International commerce department. This is my teacher DAVID.

I am here to share my experience with you. It's our great honor.

Our department was established in 20xx. It has 3 majors: Secretarial science, Logistics, and Marketing. These majors are very welcome in market.

International commerce department has more than 600 students in campus, There are about 30 teachers, most of them are master degree, and some of them has professor title.

2 years ago, I come to this school, and chose marketing as my major. I feel great here. Our teachers are always patient and dedicated. They share the commercial knowledge and experience in the class, and offer the opportunities to practice in enterprise.

Yes, our department has set up relationship with many companies. Some of them are the world well-known enterprise. Such as Ikea, Ups, Konca, Maesk, Lenovo, Walmark, and so on.

There are also many profession competitions in our department sponsored by the companies. I take part in the selling competition this years. I've got the final championship.

Congratulations!

優秀中學生英語演講稿11

Good evening ,Ladies and Gentlemen:

I have a dream Every one has his own I was a little kid ,my dream was even to have a candy shop of my own now ,when I am 16 years old ,standing here ,my dreams have already changed a lot.

I have got quite different experience from other e they were playing toys at home,while they were dreaming to be the princesses in the story .I was running in the hard rain,jumping in the heavy snow,pitching in the strong ing could stop me ,because of a wonderful call from my heart -- to be an ,of course ,I'm an athlete,I'm so proud of that all the time .

When I was 10 years old ,I became a shot-put training was really hard ,I couldn't bear the heavy shot in my hands I always believe that "god only help those who help themselves"ng those hard days,I find I was growing more quickly than others of the same be an athlete is my most correct ,I quit my team after entering high school because of a silly excuse.I really didn't want to stop my sports career anyway.

Today I say to you my friends that even though I must face the difficulties of yesterday ,today and tomorrow .I still have a dream is a dream deeply rooted in my soul.

I have a dream that one day ,I can run,jump and pitch just like I used to be.

I have a dream that one day , I can go back to my dream sports and join the national team.

I have a dream that one day ,I can stand on the highest place at the olympic all the cameras pointing at me.I will tell everyone that I'm so proud to be a Chinese athlete!

This is my hope is the faith that I continue my steps with!!!

With this faith ,I will live though the strong wind and heavy rain ,never give up !

So let victory ring from my heart,from all of we allow victory to ring .I must be the one!

In my imagination,I'm a bird ,a magical bird.I carry my dreams all with me by my big wings. I fly though the mountains ,though the forests ,over the sea,to the sun ,the warmest place in the aerospace!

Every night ,I have a dream ,I see a girl ---smiling!

Thank you!

優秀中學生英語演講稿12

There was a man who had seven sons, but he had no daughter, greatly though he longed for one. At last his wife told him that they could again expect a child and, sure enough, when it was born it was a baby girl. There was great rejoicing, but the child was weak and puny, so weak that it had to be christened at once. The father told one of the boys to go quickly to the spring and fetch christening water; the other six ran along with him, and because each of them wanted to be the first to dip the jug into the well, it fell in and sank.

So there they stood and didn't know what to do, and none of them dared go home. When they didn't come back their father got impatient and said:" I'll wager they've been playing some game again and forgotten all about it, the godless brats." He was afraid the little girl would have to die unbaptized, and in his rage he cried out:" I wish those boys would all turn into ravens." He'd scarcely spoken the words when he heard a whirring of wings in the air overhead, looked up and saw seven coal-black ravens flying away.

優秀中學生英語演講稿13

My ideal is to become a doctor could be called a "white angel".

I very much admire the doctor, because they have to heal the wounded and rescue the dying, sometimes in order to save a person on the operating table stood in a row over ten hours without rest.

In every time after the success of the surgery, the patient's relatives will be extremely thank doctor, coupled with pride after save, can let a person feel infinite joy. I want to be a great doctor, to the point of a household name, this feeling will certainly like star.

I think most people would want to go to Beijing, Shanghai city, and I want to go to the place is in the forefront of the war, where there are many people dying, I think there is really a doctor can play their own level, where with buttoned medicine, heal the wounded and rescue the dying spirit to treat those who really need me, when the doctor is the true sense of value the doctor. I want to go to the impoverished mountainous area, for those who lack of villagers to the advanced medical equipment, more hope of rural children grow up healthy and happy like me.

In my mind, the doctor this career is sacred, I will do whatever I can to be a doctor, a good doctor.

I will from now on, study hard, for the country, for the people.

This is my ideal, want to be a is true, the doctor to heal the wounded and rescue the dying.

優秀中學生英語演講稿14

ladies and gentlemen,

i have had a lot of teachers in my school who have given me much help in my study. for their help i will never forget them. but today i am going to talk about a special teacher of mine. this teacher is not a human being and its name is“computer”. it has been teaching me a lot of knowledge and i appreciate it very much.

with the development of modern science and technology, computers are widely used in every teritories (1) including education. how can a computer be my teacher? how does a computer teach me? multimedia(多媒體)helps a lot in this aspect in recent years, and computer-based training (cbt) has become a popular educational medium (手段). even before the multimedia come (2) up, many different learning systems appeared, using the components and techniques we now associate with the term “multimedia”. multimedia components, such as graphics (動畫) , animations , sound and video, make the learning process easier through visualization. animations can present many complex subjects dynamically, but human teachers can not do this on blackboards. multimedia makes our study more lively and interesting. for example, a cd-rom disk named “encarta encyclopedia” contains 650 mb information including images, graphics, music clips, video clips, animations , texts, hotwords, and database search functions. fields involved includes physical

sciences, performance arts, social sciences, politics, military, education and so on. when pressing a button, i can hear american president clinton's speech clip. i may enjoy playing all kinds of musical instruments in the world. i can also see the animation of many physical phenomena. this makes physical concept to be understood deeply (3). the audio features of multimedia can greatly help me learning (4) foreign languages. with its speech output capabilities, i'm no longer dependent on an instructor for proper pronunciation.

how can i interact with a computer? there are many ways, including keyboard, mouse pointer, and touch screen. i often use a keyboard. when i press right keys, i can see and hear whatever i want. information world is at my fingertip. i wish that true speech input-output system would be invented one day.

as teachers, computers have a lot of virtues：they are positive, they have good memories and never lose any information stored in them. they have much knowledge in every field. they can let out all kinds of sounds, and can also improve the efficiency of our study. for example, if i want to, i can skip some chapters so that i can study at my own pace.

although computers will never take the place of human teachers, they are welcomed by more and more learners. computers will continue to evolve(發展)with the aid of modern technologies. computers are so powerful, helpful and important that everybody needs it, especially in the future! i love my computer teacher!

thank you.

優秀中學生英語演講稿15

we deep in the years to write a glorious. In global view shows choice of the Chinese road of national rejuvenation; concentrated panorama in history."

Around the millennium change， eventful years， Chinese new century， great turning point， span， the future of six theme， reflects China's great achievements since 1840，

arduous and tortuous road of revitalization of the nation and the Chinese people made in China under the leadership of the Communist party. The "shock" "excited" tears ""……

This is my watch， taste right is felt when discourse. Process of reading and rejuvenation of the great，

I reviewed the history of the Chinese nation 100 years the dream of power and unremitting exploration. Full and accurate historical data， magnificent momentum， a language， a precious historical pictures，

shows a picture of the world national revival.