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考研英語閲讀理解常考題型分析

考研閲讀理解要求考生從整體上把握文章的邏輯結構和內容上的聯繫,理解句子之間、段落之間的關係。下面是小編分享的考研英語閲讀理解常考題型分析,一起來看一下吧。

考研英語閲讀理解常考題型分析

詞彙含義題

詞彙含義題幾乎是歷年考研英語閲讀理解的必考題型。這一題型主要考查考生根據上下文理解生詞含義的能力。通常來説,考生只需重點理解詞彙所在句子的前後一兩句話即可。

要想通過上下文判斷生詞含義,考生就要學會判斷生詞所在句子與其上下文的關係:若該詞所在句子與其上下文有邏輯或事實上的順承關係(下文統稱“順接”),那麼該詞與其上下文所表達的含義或感情色彩應該相一致;若該詞所在句子與其上下文有邏輯或事實上的相反關係(下文統稱“逆接”),那麼該詞與其上下文所表達的含義或感情色彩應該相反。判斷生詞所在句子與其上下文是“順接”或“逆接”關係有助於考生判斷生詞的感情色彩和大概意思。下面我們來分析一道真題。

例1:The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3, para.1) is closest in meaning to . (選自2012年考研英語閲讀理解真題Part A Text 2)

A. condemning B. reaffirming

C. dishonoring D. securing

解析:考生可根據題幹括號裏的提示迅速在原文第一段第三行找到目標詞組。因該詞組所在句子為段尾句,考生可着重分析該詞組所在句子與其上文的關係,原文如下:“A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.”原文第一句話中的except一詞是重要解題點:except之前的句子表示“遵照規定執行”之意,而其之後的內容與前文發生“逆接”,由此可推測Entergy公司並未遵照規定執行。第二句是“順接”第一句話的後半部分繼續闡述,由此可推測整句話表達的應該是Entergy公司未按照規定執行的具體內容。根據第二句話中的provoked justified outrage可進一步確定Entergy公司的做法是違背規定的,四個選項中只有dishonoring (拒絕兑現)一詞能表達出這層含義。Condemning表示“譴責”之意,不符合原文意思。Reaffirming和securing表達的都是積極肯定的含義,與原文表達的意思和感情色彩相反。因此正確答案為選項C。

主旨標題題

主旨標題題是考研英語閲讀理解的常考題型之一。這一題型的題幹中常會出現諸如main idea、general idea、meanly discuss、best title之類的詞,主要考查考生對某一段或整篇文章主旨的理解。

在解答這一題型時,考生不要拘泥於文章細節,而是要跳過細節抓主旨。文章的主旨往往出現在文章的首尾段中,段落的主旨則往往出現在該段的'首尾句中。因此,解答主旨標題題的關鍵通常在於把握文章首尾段和段落首尾句的含義。下面我們來看一道真題。

例2:Which of the following would be the best title for the text? (選自2008年考研英語閲讀理解真題Part A Text 1)

A. Strain of Stress: No Way Out?

B. Responses to Stress: Gender Difference

C. Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say

D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

解析:該題表面上要求考生為文章選標題,實則考查考生對全文主旨的理解。該題的四個選項中都出現了stress一詞,由此可確定文章一定與stress相關,接下來我們就來看文章的首尾段,從中挖掘全文主旨。

首段:While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.

尾段:Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. 通過閲讀首尾段考生可以發現,這兩段中多次出現的關鍵詞為stress和women,主要闡述的是女性受到的壓力。通過這一點考生可排除選項A和C,因為這兩項中都未出現與女性(或性別)相關的詞彙。選項B表述的是不同性別的人面對壓力的反應,但文章首尾段中並未説明男性面對壓力的情況,由此可推測此項為錯誤答案。選項D的表述與文章首尾段的表述相一致,為正確答案。為確保萬無一失,考生可快速瀏覽文章其他段的首尾句,確定其他段同樣沒有闡述不同性別的人面對壓力的反應,由此徹底排除選項B。

事實細節題

事實細節題是考研英語閲讀理解的重要題型,往往佔閲讀題目的一半左右,主要考查考生對原文某一細節的理解。考生可分三步來應對這一題型:①根據關鍵詞回原文定位;②分析在原文定位到的答案信息;③將四個選項與原文信息進行對比分析,選出正確答案。下面我們就按這三步來解答一道真題。

例3:According to Ericsson, good memory . (選自2007年考研英語閲讀理解真題Part A Text 1)

A. depends on meaningful processing of information

B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises

C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors

D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration

解析:第一步,通過題幹中的關鍵詞Ericsson,考生可將答案信息定位至原文第四段:“This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person ‘encodes’ the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.”

第二步,通過分析這段話,考生可迅速提煉出Ericsson的兩個觀點:① The act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. ② Deliberate practice is the best way to learn how to encode information.

第三步,考生來對比分析四個選項和原文信息。通過分析不難發現,選項B的表述不符合Ericsson的第一個觀點,選項C的表述與第四段第一句話的表述不一致,所以兩者都是錯誤選項,可迅速排除。選項D中提到的immediate feedback和concentration在原文中都有同樣的表述,是Ericsson在第二個觀點中提到的deliberate practice所要求的兩項內容,但除這兩項外,Ericsson還提到了一項——specific goals,選項D漏掉了這一項,屬於信息缺失,為錯誤選項。再來看略有難度的選項A。根據第四段第二句話,考生可推斷出這樣一個結論:Abilities to memorize depends on how well each person “encodes” the information. 選項A中出現的processing一詞正是encode的同義替換,由此可確定選項A為正確答案。

推理判斷題

推理判斷題考查考生在瞭解事實細節的基礎上進行推理的能力,要求考生推斷出作者想説但並未明確説出的話。這類題的常規解題步驟通常包括三步:①根據題幹中的關鍵詞回原文定位;②分析在原文定位到的答案信息;③挖掘出答案信息的言外之意。這三步是攻克推理判斷題的通常做法,但如果考生根據原文信息未能快速推斷出其言外之意時,可嘗試用排除法解題。下面我們就用排除法來解一道真題。

例4:It can be inferred from the last paragraph that . (選自2011年考研英語閲讀理解真題Part A Text 2)

A. top performers used to cling to their posts

B. loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated C. top performers care more about reputations

D. it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules

解析:考生可根據題幹中的提示詞last paragraph將答案信息快速定位至原文最後一段:“Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ‘The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,’ says one headhunter. ‘The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.’”

我們來分析四個選項。根據定位到的這段話,考生無法快速判斷選項A是否為最後一段的言外之意,可先擱置。選項B中的getting out-dated與第一句話中的fading意思相似,但兩者對應不同的事物:選項B中getting out-dated對應的是loyalty of top performers,而第一句話中的fading對應的是old disgrace (of top performers)。選項B偷換了概念,為錯誤選項。選項C的表述在此段沒有提到,也非此段的言外之意,可排除。選項D的表述與此段最後一句話所表述的內容相反,為錯誤答案。根據排除法,只有選項A為正確答案。

如果按照常規步驟解題,考生可着重分析最後一段話的言外之意。根據段落中headhunter所説的第一句話(The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are)可知,過去的觀念是堅守一個職位比較安全。根據段落中的“The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one”這句話可推測,過去人們不那麼容易接受“跳槽”的觀念。再結合全文都在講top performers現今開始“跳槽”的話題,考生不難推斷出top performers過去常堅守一個職位,由此也可得出選項A為正確答案。

例子作用題

例子作用題也是考研英語閲讀理解常考題型之一,主要考查考生對原文中提到的某個例子的作用或功能的理解。這類題的答案通常都是“源於例子而高於例子”。也就是説,解答這類題時考生不僅要理解例子本身的內容,還要分析例子的存在是為了説明何種事實。這個事實通常就是正確答案所在,它往往位於例子的上下文中,或者就是某個段落或全文的主旨句。下面我們來分析一道真題。

例5:Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of . (選自2011年考研英語閲讀理解真題Part A Text 3)

A. responding effectively to hijacked media

B. persuading customers into cotting products

C. cooperating with supportive consumers

D. taking advantage of hijacked media

解析:根據題幹中的關鍵詞Toyota Motor,考生可將答案信息定位至原文最後一段最後一句話:“Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as the social-news site Digg.”

這句話的大概意思是説,豐田汽車在今年年初的“召回”危機中,通過在社交媒體上對客户進行積極迴應而減少了一些損失。考生不難分析出這個事例是想表明一個事實:公司對客户進行迴應是有效果的。為了進一步確定上述事實是否為正確答案,考生可接着分析這一事例的前一句話:“In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep.”這句話是説如果公司不做及時、用心的迴應,其損失就會比較慘重。其言外之意也是説公司要對客户進行積極的迴應。四個選項中,只有選項A提到了responding effectively (有效地迴應),為正確答案。