2017年職稱英語理工B級閲讀考試題及答案

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　　Driven to Distraction

Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s eat, starts up the car and heads to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him.

But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.

The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting—or whether any distractions are offset by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.

“We’re looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor leading the research, which involves measuring drivers’ reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues.

The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy vs. light traffic. Preliminary results show that as people “get into more challenging driving situations, they don’t have any extra mental energy to respond to something else in the environment,” Baldwin said.

But the tradeoffs could be worth it, she said. This next step is to test different ways of giving drivers navigational information and how those methods change the drivers’ mental workload.

“Is it best if they see a picture…that shows their position, a map kind of display?” Baldwin said. “Is it best if they hear it?” navigational systems now on the market give point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed route. “They’re very unforgiving,” Baldwin said. “If you miss a turn, they can almost seem to get angry.”

That style of directions also can be frustrating for people who prefer more general instructions. But such broad directions can confuse drivers who prefer route directions, Baldwin said.

Perhaps manufacturers should allow drivers to choose the style of directions they want, or modify systems to present some information in a way that makes sense for people who prefer the survey style, she said.

Interestingly, other research has shown that about 60 percent of men prefer the survey style, while 60 percent women prefer the route style, Baldwin said. This explains the classic little thing of why men don’t like to stop and ask for directions and women do, Baldwin added.

1. Which statement is true of the description in the first two paragraphs?

A. If Coyne had stopped the car in time, he wouldn’t have hit the woman.

B. The woman would have been knocked over, if Coyne had followed the traffic regulations.

C. Coyne is not really driving so it is impossible for him to have hit the woman.

D. If the woman had not crossed the street suddenly, Coyne would not have hit her.

2. What do researchers want to find out, according to the third and fourth paragraphs?

A. Whether or not audible or written directions are distracting.

B. how long it will take the driver to respond to auditory and visual stimuli.

C. How the driver perform under certain metal workload.

D. All of the above.

3. What are the preliminary results given in the fifth paragraph?

A. Drivers are afraid of getting into challenging driving situations.

B. In challenging driving situations, drivers still have extra energy to handle other things.

C. In challenging driving situations, drivers do not have any additional mental energy to deal with something else.

D. Drivers’ mental load remains unchanged under different situations.

4. The sixth paragraph mainly state that the researchers.

A. is designing a visual navigational information system.

B. is designing an audio navigational information system.

C. is designing an audio-visual navigational information system.

D. want to determine the best ways of giving navigational information system.

5. What kind of directions do men and women prefer?

A. Women prefer more general directions and men prefer route directions.

B. Men prefer more general directions and women prefer route direction.

C. Both men and women prefer general directions.

D. Both men and women prefer route directions.

　　答案與解釋 :

1. C 根據第一段和第二段的內容，讀者可以知道，這不是 Coyne真實的駕車經歷。第二段的第一句是虛擬語氣，意思是即使他沒有及時剎車，那位婦女也是安全的。因此 A、B和 D都不符合句意。

2. D 第三段告訴我們，研究者要了解什麼樣的駕車指南會使回車者分心。第四段告訴我們，他們要研究駕車者在駕駛中的精神負荷，測試駕車者對聲音和圖像的反應，包括反映時間和大腦活動。所以， D是正確選項。

3. C第五段昀後一句提供了答案。

4. D 根據本段第一句可以得知答案。

5.B 文章的昀後四段討論駕車指南的兩種類型：第九段使用的兩個表達是： general instructions和 route directions 即是第八段中的 point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed route;第十段和第十一段使用的表達是：survey style 和 route style。因此， general instructions或 general directions指的是一種傳遞總體信息的駕車指南， point-by-point directions和 route style是一種傳遞具體路線信息的駕車指南。根據昀後一段的描述，大多數男士偏向於 general directions，而女士則偏向於 point-by-point directions，即 route style。

　　譯文：

　　分散注意力駕駛

JoeCoyne滑進駕駛室，發動汽車朝城裏開去。空蕩蕩的那段州際公路結束了，進入到擁塞的城市。這時，一個行人突然從Coyne的車前穿過，他急忙緊急剎車。

但是，就算Coyne來不及剎車，那個婦女也不會有事兒。因為，她是一個假人。整座城市也是假的。Coyne並不是真的在開車。他只是在演示一個計算機操控的駕駛模擬器，幫助OldDominion大學的研究者們檢測車內導向系統如何影響開車人。

研究者們希望瞭解駕駛員在陌生環境裏從這一系統提供的那些語音或書面的説明中得到的導路指南等益處是否抵消了這些東西引起的注意力不集中的問題。

主持研究的心理學副教授CarylBaldwin説：“我們一直關注着駕駛員的表現和精神負荷”這包括駕駛員在對聽覺和視覺提示做出反應時的'反應時間和大腦活動。

研究人員剛剛完成了一項關於在不同環境中，如交通暢通或交通擁擠時駕駛員精神負荷的調查。Baldwin説，初步的調查結果顯示人們“在更富有挑戰性的環境中駕駛時，並不會對周圍環境的變化做出更大的反應。”

她説，兩種提示的交替使用還是有效的。下一步，他們將測試為駕駛員提供導向信息的不同方法以及這些方法如何改變駕駛員的精神負荷。

Baldwin説：“是給駕駛員看類似地圖那樣的顯示圖片好，還是讓他們聽到指示信息好呢?”

現在市場上的導向系統會給出點對點的方向信息，同時還會提供預定的路線。Baldwin説：“這些系統通常不會原諒人的錯誤。如果駕駛員錯過了一個轉變，它們就會變得非常生氣。”

這種提供方向信息的方式通常會使更喜歡籠統信息的駕駛員產生一種受挫感。Baldwin説，籠統的信息卻會使更喜歡線路批示的駕駛員感到困惑。

她説，也許，是系統製造商們應該允許駕駛員能夠選擇自己喜歡的指示方式，或者使系統能夠為更喜歡調查信息方式的駕駛員提供有用的信息。

有意思的是，其他研究者表示60%的男性更喜歡這種提供調查信息的導向系統，而60%的女性則更喜歡線路指示系統。Baldwin説，這也就可以解釋那個為什麼女人喜歡下車問路，而男人卻不的經典例子。