英語閲讀：聽歌睡覺都有助於學習

We all know that we should use smart study strategies forlearning. But what is thescience behindeffective study strategies?The tips below come from scientific studies that examinethe difference between memorizing for short term and learning for the long haul.我們都知道要採用聰明的學習策略，但是這背後的科學內涵是什麼呢？下面給出了幾條通過研究短期記憶和長期記憶間的區別而得出的學習祕訣。

1. Quiz Yourself Daily每日監測自己

Studies have shown that thebest way to rememberthe information you've read or studied is to test yourself. Why? It seems that the mere act of pulling information out of your brain and tucking it away again works like a sort of "body-building technique" for memories. Through a process calledretrieval practice, it seems that information becomes sturdier and more embedded.研究表明，要記住所學過的知識的最好辦法就是檢測自己。為什麼呢？因為從大腦中把信息提取出來的行為就像鍛鍊身體一樣在鍛鍊記憶力。通過這種檢索訓練，信息可以被更牢固地掌握。

2. Reduce Your Cell Phone Use減少使用手機

It should come as no surprise that spending too much time on the cell phone can affect your grades. But the relationship between phones and grades is not simple; it’s not just a matter of time spent wisely (or not).無須大驚小怪，我們都知道花太多時間在手機上會影響成績。但是手機和成績間的關係可不簡單，可不僅僅和時間是否花得明智有關。

Studies show that there is a relationship between cell phone use, anxiety, and student performance.研究表明在手機使用頻率、焦慮程度、學業表現這三者中存在關聯。

Increased time on the phone seems to be linked to increased feelings of anxiety, and that leads to lower student performance.花在手機上的時間越多就越焦慮，隨之，成績就會下降。

Another relationship has been noticed between increased time oncell phonesand a decrease in physical activity. Students who spend more time on phones, in other words, tend to be less active - which also causes a buildup of stress and anxiety.研究還發現，玩手機的時間越多，參加體育活動的時間就越少。換言之，喜歡玩手機的同學都比較宅，這也會增加壓力與焦慮。

In fact, science also suggests that students who take part in aerobic exercise benefit from better long term memory. It’s just agood policyto limit time on cell phones and increase physical activity.事實上，科學家還發現參加有氧鍛鍊的學生更容易形成長期記憶。因此，減少使用手機的時間，增加體育鍛煉的時間會是一個好主意。

3. Stop Trying to Memorize不要再死記硬背

Memorization is a skill that comes in handy for short term memory. But short term memory is only good if you’re cramming for a test. Long term memory is the goal for truly learning from the material that you cover in class.死記硬背對短期記憶來説很有幫助。但是短期記憶只是為了臨時抱佛腳之用，變成長期記憶才真正學習掌握了課堂知識。

A recent study shows that memorization impairs your ability to recall details - and that can be a problem if you’retaking a testwith essayormultiple choice questions!最近的一項研究表明，死記硬背會降低你記憶細節的能力，如果考試要求寫問答題或是多選題，那你就麻煩了！

To commit information to your long term memory, you will need to venture beyond memorizing facts. You must strive to gain a meaningful understanding of concepts beyond the words and names on your list of terms. Long term memory comes from getting active with material and studying the same information several times over a few weeks.要形成長期記憶，你不僅僅要記住信息。你還要掌握除了詞語和人名之外的信息，試着去理解它們代表的概念。長期記憶來自積極利用材料並且反覆學習。

4. Use Music and Actions聽音樂、動手寫

The more active you become when it comes to studying, the more you will be able to commit the information to memory. If you’restudying foreign language it seems that singing is helpful.學習的時候越積極，記下的'知識就越多。如果你在學一門外語，唱歌大有裨益。

Singing new vocabulary taps in to yourauditory learningskills, according to one study. It’s certainly worth a try!根據一線研究顯示，把新單詞唱成歌曲可以開發你的視聽學習技能。這值得一試！

Another study shows that you can benefit bytaking your class notesby hand instead of using a keyboard to type your notes. The act of writing words out by hand enhances the comprehension of concepts. In one study, students who took notes on a computer could recall facts as well as those who used hand-written notes, but they could not grasp concepts nearly as well as the pen-and-paper students.還有研究表明不用電腦，而用手抄筆記也有收穫。手寫筆記可以加深對概念的理解。一項研究顯示，用電腦做筆記的學生也可以跟手寫筆記的學生一樣記住知識，但是前者對概念的理解不如後者深。

5. Use a Sleep Strategy使用睡眠策略

Common sense tells us that students need to get enough sleep to perform well in school. But there are some surprising findings when it comes to how and when we sleep, as it pertains to our ability to learn. It’s not about the amount of sleep you get, necessarily. The timing of your sleep patterns also matters.常識告訴我們學生需要充足的睡眠才能在學校表現良好。但是，科學家給出了一些令人驚訝的發現，告訴我們如何根據適合我們學習能力的原則來選擇睡眠時間以及睡眠方式。

A regular bed time is important, but students with later bedtimes have lower grades than students with earlier bedtimes.規律的作息很重要，但是規律的晚睡所帶來的成績卻不如規律的早睡來的好。

When you sleep right before study time, the information seems to sink in as you sleep and soak into your long term memory. Sleep actually reinforces learning.學習前小睡片刻更容易記住知識，並形成長期記憶。睡眠確實有助於學習。

The information will transform from short termmemoryto long term learningifyou go straight to bed after reading. However, if you start reading Facebook posts or do any pleasure reading between study time and sleep time, you stop the potential for learning while sleeping.如果閲讀後倒頭即睡可能可以把閲讀時的短期記憶變成長期記憶。但是，如果在學習後準備睡覺前刷一刷臉書或者幹別的有趣的事，你就失去了在睡眠中學習的機會。