英譯漢短文翻譯

1. Lexicography 1)Lexicography provides at its best a joyful sense of busyness with language

詞典編纂的絕妙之處是給人一種與語言打交道的快樂感。

2) One is immersed in the details of language as in no other field.

不像其他領域，編詞典的人整天都鑽在語言材料中。

3) Sometimes the details are so overwhelming and endless they sap the spirit and depress the mind有時碰到的語言材料浩如煙海，令人耗神。

4) Often at the end of a hard day’s work one realizes with dismay that the meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has an immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole往往一天辛苦工作下來，發覺所完成的薄薄幾頁草稿只是全部工作的九牛一毛，好不沮喪。5) As I hope the readers of this work will come to understand dictionaries do not sprint into being正如我希望這部著作的讀者會逐漸明白的那樣，詞典並非是一蹴而就的。 6)People must plan them collect information and write them. 必須先制定計劃，收集材料，然後方能編寫。7 )Writing takes time and it is often frustrating and even infuriating.編寫詞典不僅耗費時間，而且常讓人受挫，甚至惱怒。8 )No other form of writing is at once so quixotic and so intensely practical. 沒有其他的寫作像編纂詞典那樣，既要有空想又要腳踏實地9) Dictionary making does not require brilliance or originality of mind. 詞典編纂並不需要很多的才華或獨創的思維。10) It does require high intelligence mastery of the craft and dedication to hard work.但卻要求很高的智力，對詞典編纂的精通，和甘於吃苦的精神。11) If one has produced a dictionary one has the satisfaction of having produced a work of

enduring value. 一個人編寫出一部詞典，就會因它的長久價值而得到一份快慰。

ution 1) Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and

industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives. 污染已成為問題，因為在當今人口越來越多，社會越來越工業化的世界上，人類正在污染他們居住的環境。2) Many scientists maintain that one of man’s greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. 許多科學家認為人類最大的錯誤是把發展和進步等同起來。3) Now “growth” industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life. 現在人們以懷疑的態度看待“發展性”的產業，因為它們的副作用會破壞環境，破壞各種生命之間的關係。4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the world’s fixed supply of air water and land.

人口的增長導致對世界上有限的空氣、水和土地的需求不斷增長。5) This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better

standard of living, 伴隨着人口增長的是越來越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。 in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of. 於是對電、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的廢物要處理。6) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment. 這個問題已經引起人們對生物及其環境的日益關注。7) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no qualities not come through to the people I talked with it was their very opposites that seemed more characteristic.

但是，和我談過話的人並沒有感覺到這些品質，倒是恰恰相反的情況似乎更具有代表性。4) People of all classes—the rich man dealing with the Internal Revenue Service as will as the poor woman struggling with the welfare department—felt the treatment they had received had been bungled not efficient; unpredictable not rational; discriminatory not uniform; and all too often insensitive rather than courteous. 各階層的人，從與税收部門打交道的富人到與福利部門交涉的可憐的婦人，都覺得他們受到的對待是糟糕的，而不是有效的，是捉摸不定的，而不是合情合理的是帶有歧視的，而不是公平的，而且經常是冷漠的，而不是禮貌的。 5) It was as if they had bought a big new car that not only did not run when they wanted it to but periodically revved itself up and drove all around their yards. 就像是買了一輛新的大轎車，不僅要它走的時候不走，面貌而且不時會自行加速，在院子裏到處亂跑。

人們對智力所指的有那些不同表現看法比較一致，而對這些表現如何進行解釋和分類，意見就不那麼一致了。但人們一般認為智力高的人在處理問題時能抓住要點，善於區分，能進行邏輯推理，和利用語言和數學符號。智力測試只能很粗地衡量孩子的學習能力，尤其是學習學校要求的東西的能力。智力測試並不能衡量一個人的個性，社會適應力，耐力性，勞動技能，或藝術才能。人們不認為能做到這些，當初也不是為這些目的設計的。批評智力測試不能做到這一些，就如同批評温度計不能測風速一樣。既然對智力的評估是相對而言的，那麼我們必須確保，在對我們的對像進行比較時，我們所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公正的”比較。

5. Problem with Educational System

1)There are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography but I have never seen any good jobs for Geography graduates advertised. 2)Or am I alone in suspecting that they will return to teach Geography to another set of students who in turn will teach more Geography undergraduates?3) Only ten universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering which perhaps is just as well in view of the speed with which the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. 4) On the other hand hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close down because of the lack of doctors. 5) The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who apply. 6) It seems to me that time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent application and industry currently being wasted on diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.

6. Novelists 1) But if the open air and adventure mean everything to De foe they mean nothing to Jane Austen. 如果説曠野和歷險對笛福的小説是主題，那麼對奧斯丁小説就毫無意義2) Hers is the drawing room and people talking and by the many mirrors of their talk revealing their characters. 她的小説是客廳和客廳中閒聊的人們。他們的談話像一面面鏡子，反映出他們的性格。3) And if when we have accustomed ourselves to the drawing room and its reflections we turn to Hardy we are once more spun around. 當我們熟悉了奧斯丁的客廳和反映出來的事物後再去讀哈代的小説，又得轉向另一個世界。4) The moors are round us and the stars are above our heads. 周圍茫茫荒野，頭頂一片星空。5) The other side of the mind is now exposed—the dark side that comes uppermost in solitude not the light side that shows in company. 此時心態的另一面被揭示出來：不是聚會結伴時顯示出來的輕鬆一面， 6) Our relations are not towards Nature and destiny. 而是自然和命運。7) Yet different as these worlds are each is consistent with itself. 這些作家描寫的世界是完全不同的，但它們都自成一體。8) The maker of each is careful to observe the laws of his own perspective and however great a strain they may put upon us they will never confuse us ad lesser writers so frequently do by introducing two different kinds of reality into the same book. 每個世界的創造者都小心翼翼遵循自己觀察事物的法則，不管他們的作品讀起來是如何的費力，卻不像二流作家那樣，把兩種完全不同的世界塞進同一本書，讓人感到不知所云。

目前全國有39所大學開設地理學位課程，但我從未看到廣告上有招聘地理專業的大學畢業生的好工作。或是不是隻有我一個人懷疑他們將回到學校教另一批學生的地理，而這些學生將來又去教更多的學生的地理？現在只有10所大學開設航天工程學位課程，考慮到飛機制造業一直在裁員的速度，還是這樣做好。另一方面，由於缺少醫生，全國的醫院急診室不得不紛紛關門。為什麼？因為大學的醫學院只能為申請攻讀學位的一半人提供名額。對我來説，時機已經成熟，就業部和教育部應當和名大學攜手起來，改革我們的教育制度，使之更珍惜地使用學校的人才資源，學生的刻苦勤奮精神。而現在這些人才和努力都浪費在無人感興趣的文憑和學位上。

Law of Competition

1) Under the law of competition the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently.2) The price which society pays for the law like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries is great but the advantages of this law are also greater than its cost—for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development which brings improved conditions in its train.3) But whether the law be benign or not we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual it is best for the race because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department.4) We accept and welcome therefore as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves great inequality of environment; the concentration of business industrial and commercial in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these ,as being not only beneficial but essential to the future progress of the race.

8. Key to Success in Business

1) Every successful business is built on superior senses—of timing opportunity responsibility and not infrequently humor.2) None however is more critical than the ability to sense the market.3) A senior executive’s instinctive capacity to empathize with and gain insights from customers is the single most important skill he or she can use to direct technologies product and service offerings indeed all elements of a company’s strategic posture.4) People like Bill Gates brought this ability to the enterprises they founded.5) Without it their ventures might have been short-lived or at least far less successful.6) But many top-level managers particularly those at industrial companies consider customer contact the bailiwick of sales and marketing staff.7) And even if they do believe that market focus is a priority most retain only limited contact with consumers as their organizations grow relying instead on subordinates’ reports—second –or-third-hand informati0n—to define and sense the market for them.

在競爭的法則下，上萬人的僱主不得不實行一些最嚴厲的節約措施，其中節約給工人報酬的那部分佔很大一部分。社會為這個法則付出的代價如同為低廉的舒適條件和奢侈品付出的代價一樣是巨大的。但帶來的好處超過了代價，因為正是這個法則，我們才有了了不起的物質進步，其結果是生活水平的提高。但是，不管這個法則是好是壞，我們無法迴避，對任何建議替代它的新東西，其作用我們是不敢肯定的，雖然這個法則有時對個人來説可能很殘酷，但對人類來説是好的，因為它確保每個領域裏適者生存。我們接受並歡迎環境上的不平等，接受並歡迎讓工商業經營集中在少數人的手裏，接受和歡迎他們之間存在競爭的法則，我們把所有這一切看成是我們必須適應的條件，看成對人類未來的進步不僅有益，而且是很有必要的。

每一個成功的工商企業都是建立在一些卓越的意識之上的，即懂得審時度勢，抓住機遇，承擔責任，並不乏幽默感。但這一切都沒有比對市場瞭解的能力更為重要。高級管理人員的一個非常重要的本事是能很自然地設身處地的為客户着想，並從他們那裏獲得真知灼見。他們利用這種能力來指導技術、產品和售後服務，乃至公司戰略計劃的各個方面。比爾 蓋茨之類的成功者就曾把這種本事帶進他們各自創立的企業中。沒有這種能力，他們的事業或許只是曇花一現，至少沒有像今天這樣成功。但是許多高層經理，特別是工業公司的高層經理，把與顧客接觸看成是銷售和市場營銷人員的事。即便他們確實也認為市場是公司的重心，但隨着公司的發展，他們中在多數人也只與消費者保持十分有限的接觸而已。他們判斷和把握市場，依賴於下屬送來的報告，即二手、三手的材料。

9. The Policy of Mass Media

1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individuala.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted

cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life

10. The American and the English

1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English許多本質上的不同造成了美語從英語中分出來。 the chief have their roots in the obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people 而主要的不同是兩種語言根植於兩個完全不同的社會環境和文化傳統。since the seventeenth century and those of the English自從從17世紀來，美國人和英國人在這兩方面的差異十分明顯。.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report. 英國人相對説來生活在一個相對穩定的社會秩序裏。這種秩序銘記在他們心靈裏的是對習慣上和名譽上的東西有一種特有的尊敬。3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent. 雖然第一次世界大戰改變了他們大多數的風俗習慣，但在這之前，他們的全部生活，或許比其他任何民族的生活，除西班牙人，都更受到先例的制約。4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity. 而雖然美國人中一部分的祖先是英國人，但他們沒有這種約束。也沒有這種一致性習慣的要求。5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them. 相反，他們走到了另一個極端，因為他們國家的生活狀況使他們看重的是好奇和冒險這恰恰相反的品質，這樣他們養成的是不安現狀，厭煩形式主義，藐視舊勢力的影響的個性。這些個性在他們身上普遍反映出來。

生活中充滿了作為工民或個人必須作出決定的問題。但在媒體中不經常見到有反映作出這些決定的真實難度，也沒有反映作出這些給他們帶來的令人煩惱的難題。媒體不願給出明確答案不只簡單是一種取樂於顧客的廣告手段。各種社會權力機構，儘管初衷可能是好的，都有自己的即得利益，確保社會的穩定，它們會設法影響新聞工作者，讓他們不知不覺製作出的節目或寫出的文章不痛不癢，不觸及到問題的實質，雖然也裝模作樣地搞些辯論和調查。他們揭露問題往往只是在民主社會可以接受的老一套觀點內進行。既不對這些老一套的表示出一點過激的疑問，在把它們到現代生活的專欄時也儘量不讓各方面感到難堪。