翻譯碩士考研報考英國國家知識概況

翻譯碩士專業基礎課考試考漢語寫作和百科常識，考生不要忽略了，需要多瞭解一些百科常識，對於翻譯的思路，英漢互譯的轉換更有益處。小編為大家精心準備了翻譯碩士考研百科常識參考資料，歡迎大家前來閲讀。

　　翻譯碩士考研英國的體育運動知識點

1. Many international sports were introduced by the British in leisure time very seriously. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.

許多國際體育項目是由認真對待休閒時間的英國人引進的，在英國，人們廣泛參與體育。

2. Football ( or “soccer” as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.

足球(口語叫”soccer”),在英格蘭和歐洲是最受歡迎的運動，其傳統老家在英格蘭，出現於19世紀。

3. The game“Rugby” was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century.

拉格比球比賽19世紀初創立於沃爾威克郡的拉格比學校，因此而得名。

4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.

板球，是英國人最典型的體育運動，自從16世紀以來已存在。國際比賽是5天的康希爾決賽。

5. Although tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated in England in late 19th. The main tournament is the annual Wimbledon fortnight, one of the 4 tennis “Grand Slam” tournaments.

儘管網球已打了好幾個世紀，但現代比賽卻起源於19世紀末的英格蘭。主要比賽是一年一度的温布爾登兩週賽，這是四大滿貫網球錦標賽之一。

6. There is a considerable following and participation of athletics in Britain. For example, the London Marathon, which takes place every spring.

英國參加田徑的人很多，例如倫敦的馬拉松塞，每年春季舉行。

7. The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century and naturally the oldest golf club in the world is there: The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. The Walker Cup for amateurs and the Ryder Cup for professionals.

高爾夫球的故里是蘇格蘭，自從17世紀以來這項運動就在那兒盛行。全世界最古老的高爾夫俱樂部也在那裏：愛丁堡高爾夫球會員榮譽公司。業餘球員參加沃爾克公開賽，職業球員參加雷德爾杯。

　　翻譯碩士考研英國社會知識點

I. Health and Social Services 全國醫療保健計劃

1. Britain is regarded as a welfare state. This system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.

英國被認為是福利制度的國家。此制度的所需資金來源於全國保險税和賦税。在英國，這主要是指國民保健制度，國民保險和社會保障制度。

2. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical services. The service was established in the U.K. in 1948. Over 82 per cent of the cost of the health service in Great Britain id funded out of general taxation. The rest is met from: (1)the NHS element of National Insurance contributions; (2) charges towards the cost of certain items such as drugs prescribed by family doctors, and general dental treatment; (3) other receipts, including land sales and the proceeds of income generation schemes.

不管個人收入如何，國民保健制度為每個居民提供全面醫療服務。英國於1948年確立此制度。英國國民保健制度82%以下的費用來自普通税收，其他部分來自(1)國民保險金中的國民保險金部分;(2)象對家庭一生開的藥單和普通牙科治療所收的費用;(3)其他收入，包括出售土地和增收計劃的收益。

3. There are proportional charges for most types of HNS dental treatment, including examinations. Sight test are free to children. No one is liable to be charged by the National Health Service for treatment in an accident, emergency or for an infectious disease. Central government is directly responsible for the NHS, which is administered by a range of local health authorities and health boards throughout the U.

國民保健制度中多數牙科治療都要收取一定比例的費用，包括檢查費。視力檢查對兒童免費。國民保健制度對事故，急診或傳染病的治療不收費，中央政府直接負責國民保健制度，由全國各地的保健機構和衞生委員會實施

4. The family health services are those given to patients by doctors, dentists, opticians and pharmacists. In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a person must normally be registered on the list of a general practitioner (GP, sometimes knows as a “family doctor”).

家庭保健服務由醫生、牙醫、眼科大夫和藥劑師提供給病人。為獲得國民保健制度的服務，人們必須在普通開業醫生的名冊上註冊。

5. A full range of hospital services is provided by district general hospital. There are also specialist hospital or units for children, people suffering from mental illness, those with learning disabilities, and elderly people, and for the treatment of specific diseases.

地區普通醫院提供全面的醫院服務。也有為兒童，精神病人，有學習障礙者，老人和特殊病人開設的專門醫院或病區。

6. The National Health Service is the largest single employer of labour in the U.K. NHS has suffered from underfunding in recent decades, as a result of which many better-off people have been turning to private medical health care.

國民保健制度是英國最大的用人機構。近幾十年來，因為資金不足，許多比較富裕的人正逐漸轉向私人的醫療保健機構。

7. Personal social services in Britain assist elderly people, disabled people, people with learning disabilities or mental illness, children, and families facing special problems. These statutory service are provided by local government social services authorities.

在英國，個人社會服務向老人，殘疾人，有學習障礙者，精神病人，有特殊家庭困難的人等。地方政府社會服務委員會提供法定援助。

II. social Security 社會保險

1. The social security system is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need. Nearly a third of government expenditure is devoted to the social security programme which provides financial help for people who are elderly, sick, disabled, unemployed, widowed, bringing up children or on very low incomes.

社會保險制度設立的目的是保障經濟困難的人們的基本生活水平，政府開支的近三分之一用於社會保險計劃。此計劃給老人，病人，殘疾人，失業者，寡婦，撫育幼兒者或低收入者提供經濟幫助。

2. Administration in Great Britain is handled by separate executive agencies of the Department of Social Security. In Northern Ireland by the Social Security Agency.

大不列顛的社會保險由社會保險部獨立執行機構管理，在北愛爾蘭則是社會保險局。

3. contributory social security benefits, it includes:

(1) retirement pension;(2) unemployment pension;(3) sickness and invalidity benefit (4) Maternity allowance and widows’s benefits.

需要先交費的社會安全福利(個人有工作收入時交，無收入時領)，其中包括：退休金，失業金，病殘福利金，孕產期補助金，寡婦補助金。

4. non-contributory social security benefits, it include: (1) war pensions;(2) industrial injuries disablement benefit;(3) child benefit and (4) family credit.

不需要先交費的福利金，包括戰爭傷亡撫卹金，工傷致殘救濟金，兒童補助金，低收入家庭補助金。

III. Religion宗教

1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the community or the State. He may change his religion at will may manifest his faith in teaching, worship and observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none.

在英國，人人都有信仰宗教的權利，社會和政府不得干涉。他可以隨意改變宗教信仰，可以在教職，禮拜或儀式中表明他的信仰。除了娃哈哈官不可以是羅馬天主教徒外，公共職務對各種信仰或沒有信仰的人一律公開。

2. Established churches 國教

There are two established church in Britain: in England the church of England and Scotland the Church of England.

英國有兩大國教，在英格蘭是英格蘭國教，蘇格蘭是蘇格蘭教會(長老教)。

3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that Church and as “Defender of the Faith”. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of loads. The church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament.

英格蘭國教與君主有獨特的聯繫。因為君主作為“國教的捍衞者”必須是此教會的一員，他在登基時必須承諾維持國教。國教還通過上議院與政府聯繫。沒有議會同意，英格蘭教會不可隨意改變“國教祈禱書”中規定的禮拜儀式。

4. The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by ministers and elders, all of whom are ordained to office. The Monarch is normally represented at the general assembly by the Lord High Commissioner.

英格蘭教的管理時長老制，也就是由教士和長老治理。他們被授予聖職，王室高級代表通常代表君主光臨會議。

5. Unestablished churches 非國教教會

There are include: the Anglican Churches(聖公會)，the Free Churches(自由教)，the Roman Catholic Church(羅馬天主教)。

IV. Festival and Public Holidays 節假日

The Christian festival of the year and Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.

　　翻譯碩士考研法律與司法機構知識點

There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the United Kingdom is that there is no complete code. The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of “unwritten” or common law; (3) equity law; (4) European Community. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.

聯合王國不實行完全統一的法律制度。聯合王國所有法律制度的一個共同特點是沒有以部完整的法典。法典來源包括：(1)成文法;(2)大量的“不成文法”或習慣法;(3)衡平法;(4)歐共體法。另一個共同的特點是刑法和民法之間的區別。

Ⅰinal Courts in England and Wales英格蘭和威爾士的.刑事法庭

Magistrates’ Courts which try summary offences and “either way” offences. A magistrates’ court, which is open to the public and the media, usually consists of three unpaid “lay” magistrates-known as justices of the peace-who are advised on point of law and procedure by a legally qualified assistant. A Magistrates’ court sits without a jury.

治安(警事)法庭，負責審理判決犯罪，也審理“任意方式”罪行。治安法庭對公眾和媒體公開，通常由三位無薪的“外行”地方官——地方治安官組成，由懂得法律知識的書記員和助手給他們提供法律規定和程序方面的建議。治安法庭審察時沒有陪審團。

h Court which try most cases involving people under 18.

青少年法庭，負責審理18歲以下青年的大多數案件。

The Crown Court tries the most serious offences and ‘either way” offences referred to it by magistrates. The Crown Court is presided over by High Court judges, full-time circuit Judges and part-time Recorders England and Wales are divided into six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal case. Each circuit isdivided into areas containing one or more centers of High Court and Crown Court.

皇家刑事法庭。負責審理最嚴重的罪行和由地方法官提交的“任意方式”罪行。皇家刑事法庭由高級法院法官，全職巡迴法官和兼任刑事法官主持。為審理刑事案，英格蘭和威爾士被分為六個巡迴區，每個巡迴區又分區域，每個區域有一個或多個高級法庭和皇家刑事法庭。

2. Criminal courts in Scotland 蘇格蘭的刑事法庭

There are three criminal courts in Scotland.(1)the High Court of Justiciary;(2) the sheriff court;(3) the district court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn procedure and summary procedure. In solemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits without a jury.

英格蘭有三種刑事法院：(1)高級法院;(2)郡法院;(3)區法院。英格蘭有兩種刑事訴訟：莊重訴訟和即決訴訟。莊重訴訟裏，被告由陪審團和法官審理。在即決訴訟中，法官獨自審理，不用陪審團。

3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland

北愛爾蘭的刑事法庭

Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates’ courts presided over by a full-time legally qualified resident magistrate. County courts are primarily civil law courts. The Crown Court deals with criminal trails on indictment.

涉及輕微即決犯罪的案件由治安法庭聽審，法庭由全職的法律合格的常駐治安法官主持。郡法庭主要是民事法庭。皇家刑事法庭根據起訴進行刑事審判.

Ⅱl Courts 民事法庭

1. Civil Courts in England and Wales

英格蘭和威爾士的民事法庭

Magistrates’ Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts, the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case. Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases. It has three divisions: (1) the family Division; (2) the Chancery Division; (3) the Queen’s Bench Division.

治安法庭只有一定的民事審判權。主要行使民事司法權的是民事法院，高等法院處理更為複雜的民事案。主要包括民事案和一些刑事案，高等法院有三個分支：(1)家事庭;(2)大法官庭;(3)王室庭。

Ⅲ. The Judiciary 司法機構

There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales, lay magistrates are appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor who is advised by committees in each county. The Lord Chancellor recommends the High Court and circuit judges. The highest judicial appointments and made by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister.

英國沒有司法機構。中央政府的司法工作主要由娃哈哈官內政大臣和檢察總長負責。在英格蘭和威爾士，娃哈哈官根據各部委員會的建議任命外行人員為治安官。娃哈哈官推薦高等法官和巡迴法官。最高級別的司法官任命由女王根據首相的建議做出。

V. Police 警察

The police service for United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of Home Secretary. Police officers are not allowed to join a trade union or go on strike. They do not normally carry firearms.

在內政大臣和蘇格蘭及北愛爾蘭國務大臣的指導下，英國警察分地組建，並以地方管理為基礎。但倫敦警察署直接與內政大臣管轄。警察不得加入工會或罷工。他們通常不佩帶手槍。

VI. Treatment of offenders

對違法者的處理

The chief aims of the penal system are to deter the potential lawbreaker and to reform the convicted offender.

刑罰制度的主要目的是阻止潛在的違法者，並改造已判的違法者。

Capital punishment ( a sentence of death ) for murder has been abolished in the U.K, through proposal for its reinstatement are regularly debated by Parliament, and it remains the penalty for treason and piracy.

英國已廢除對謀殺罪的死刑，但議會仍經常辯論要恢復死刑，判國罪和海盜罪仍可判死刑。

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