糯米文學吧

位置:首頁 > 範文 > 校園

曼聯簡介歷史介紹

校園2.54W

篇一:簡析曼徹斯特聯隊的經營管理及其對中國足球俱樂部的啟示

曼聯簡介歷史介紹

簡析曼徹斯特聯隊的經營管理及其對中國足球俱樂部的啟示

中文摘要:本文通過研究大量文獻資料,從俱樂部管理及品牌化經營等方面綜合分析曼徹斯特聯足球俱樂部成為全球第一品牌價值俱樂部的因素。在對比曼徹斯特聯足球俱樂部成功因素的基礎上,簡要分析中國足球俱樂部的現狀及存在的問題,併為中國足球俱樂部的發展及品牌創建提出若干建議。 關鍵詞:曼聯,足球俱樂部,經營管理,營銷,品牌

Brief Analysis on the Operation Management of Manchester United and it’s

Inspiration to the Football Club in China

Abstract:From the study of documents and materials,this article analyzes the factors which make Manchester United to be the first club brand from management、branding operation and so on.Make some brief analyses on the current situation and existing problems of football club in China and give them some proposals based on the comparison of Manchester United.

Key words:Manchester United;Football Club;Operation Management;Marketing;Brand

 一、前言

足球作為“世界第一運動”,越來越受到人們的喜愛, 時至今日,它本身已不僅僅是一項競技體育項目, 更發展成為新興的足球產業,職業足球俱樂部則是足球產業中的主導力量。在中國,足球俱樂部雖然發展迅速,但經營效果一直不理想,無論是技戰術水平還是俱樂部的商業運作,都與歐洲的足球俱樂部存在很大差距。而作為全球最受球迷歡迎的足球俱樂部之一, 經過多年的運作, 曼徹斯特聯隊(MANCHESTER UNITED,以下簡稱“曼聯”)已成為全球著名的品牌和全球最富有的體育俱樂部之一,品牌價值列在世界各大俱樂部之首,成為全球俱樂部經營的典範,其經營管理模式值得研究與借鑑。本文對比分析了曼聯及中國足球俱樂部的經營管理情況,從中得出曼聯的成功經驗及中國足球俱樂部存在的不足,從而得出啟示及建議,為中國足球俱樂部的發展提供參考意見。

 二、研究對象與方法

(一)研究對象

以曼聯和中國足球俱樂部為研究對象,運用文獻資料法、對比分析法對二者的俱樂部經營管理進行分析研究,從而得出啟示與建議。

(二)研究方法

文獻資料法:廣泛查閲涉及足球俱樂部經營管理方面的研究成果和相關文獻信息,基本掌握了最新的曼聯及中國足球俱樂部的經營管理的相關信息和詳實的基礎材料。

對比分析法:結合文獻資料和信息,對曼聯及中國足球俱樂部的經營管理進行比較和分析,找出中國足球俱樂部與曼聯在經營管理上的差異。

三、曼聯的經營管理分析

(一)曼聯的品牌營造

曼聯成立於1878年,1902年正式更名為曼徹斯特聯隊,100多年來,曼聯一直沿用此俱樂部名稱,因此曼聯是古老而又廣為人知。1958年,悲慘的“慕尼黑空難”讓世界知道了曼聯,很多人因同情曼聯的遭遇而成為曼聯球迷;空難後重建的曼聯憑藉不屈不撓的精神,不斷取得輝煌的成績,讓世界更多的人喜歡上曼聯,為曼聯品牌的建立奠定了基礎。1991年曼聯成立公共公司後,積極塑造全球品牌,刻意淡化“足球”二字,把“FOOTBALL CLUB”字樣從曼聯的隊徽去除,更強調廣義上的“曼聯”,而非“曼聯足球俱樂部”,目的是增加品牌外延和想象空間。因球隊實力超羣,隊服為紅色,曼聯被稱為足球場上的“紅魔(RED DEVILS)”,“紅魔”曼聯的名頭隨着曼聯在1999年奪得“三冠王”和2008年奪得“雙冠王”而響徹世界,令曼聯在國際化進程中的影響力進一步擴展。隨着足球運動的普及,曼聯的世界影響變得越來越大,無形中將曼聯的品牌價值提高了很多。

(二)曼聯的職能分配

1991年,曼聯成立了股份制有限公司——曼聯集團(MANCHESTER UNITED PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY),曼聯集團由曼聯足球俱樂部、曼聯商業公司、曼聯餐飲公司及曼聯電視台四家子公司組成。曼聯集團下設董事會,對集團全球範圍的運作進行監督和管理;由董事會任命的首席執行官負責下屬子公司的日常運作

雖然曼聯在2005年被馬爾科姆·埃爾温·格雷澤(MALCOLM IRVING GLAZER)收購後成為了私人產業,但曼聯集團仍按照以往的模式進行運作,並沒有在管理上作出太大改變。曼聯足球俱樂部作為曼聯集團的子公司,在另三家子公司的財政支持下,不斷招兵買馬增強實力,全力把曼聯足球隊打造為頂級強隊。作為回報,曼聯足球隊在賽場上不斷取得出色的成績,屢奪冠軍,為擴大曼聯品牌的影響力作出重要貢獻,有利於另三家子公司持續在全球擴大經營規模。另外,曼聯十分重視招聘有營銷技能的職員,在為曼聯工作的500多名員工中,直接為球隊工作的只有50人左右,其他員工則與世界上任何一家商業公司員工的任務一樣:圍繞“ 曼聯”這個足球圈裏最值錢的品牌做各種生意。

(三)曼聯的市場開發

20世紀80年代,隨着足球電視轉播權的興起及足球相關產品的銷售,足球產業化程度日益加深。藉着這一東風,曼聯率先進行俱樂部市場化、全球化品牌運作,其市場開發主要體現在兩個方面:球場經營和品牌經營。

1、球場經營

老特拉福德(OLD TRAFFORD)是曼聯的主場,經過多次擴建,球場目前的容量為76212個座席。門票銷售是曼聯的一大支柱收入。統計數據顯示,曼聯每個賽季約有35場主場比賽,場均上座率達99%,一場主場比賽各種收入的總和約有350萬英鎊,以07-08賽季計算,曼聯從30多場英超聯賽、歐洲冠軍聯賽、足總盃、聯賽盃及友誼賽的主場比賽中獲得了創世界紀錄的1.015億英鎊,約佔俱樂部收入的33%。 曼聯把老特拉福德建成了一座多功能球場。老特拉福球場經營着3個紀念品商場,銷售的都是經曼聯官方授權的商品,除了球員的球衣和照片,還有各種各樣帶有曼聯標誌的生活用品。除商場外,球場還配備了可供2000人同時進餐的大餐廳以及著名的“紅魔酒吧”和“紅魔咖啡廳”;在西看台下,曼聯建成了一個能容納400人的國際標準禮堂,專門用做舉辦宴會、婚禮、會試等,與禮堂相結合,球場餐廳和咖啡館等在沒有比賽的日子,可以用作宴會、婚禮或會議的舉行場所。為了充分利用球場空間,曼聯還建起了英國第一傢俱樂部博物館,博物館日平均參觀者人數高達1000人。

2、品牌經營

曼聯的品牌經營主要是依靠球隊在全球的影響力,利用俱樂部品牌銷售電視轉播權、冠名權(贊助)和周邊商品,實現俱樂部品牌效益的最大化。

(1)電視轉播權銷售

曼聯的電視轉播權銷售收入近幾年大幅增長,逐漸與門票銷售收入持平,使得俱樂部盈利模式更加多元化。曼聯的電視轉播權主要來自英超聯賽和歐冠聯賽,這兩項賽事的轉播權銷售收入佔曼聯所有轉播權銷售收入的90%以上;也有來自英國足總盃等盃賽及友誼賽的轉播權銷售,因為曼聯是這些賽事的熱門球隊,所以被轉播的機會也就多,電視轉播權銷售收入也就相應提高了。07-08賽季,曼聯獲得的電視轉播收入共計約9000萬英鎊,約佔俱樂部收入的30%。

因為英超聯賽和歐冠聯賽的電視轉播權是實行捆綁銷售的,屬集體合同的分成形式,每支球隊只能根據成績獲得相應的收入。全球影響力巨大的曼聯打算單獨銷售電視轉播權,以獲得更多的電視轉播收入,但遭到了英超聯盟和歐足聯的反對。如果曼聯能擺脱英超聯盟和歐足聯的約束,獨立銷售自己比賽的電視轉播權,那麼曼聯的轉播權銷售收入還將得到進一步的提高。

(2)冠名權銷售(贊助)

曼聯球衣的胸前廣告意味着什麼?答案就是知名度和商機。曼聯得到全球關注,也讓球隊成了一個極好的宣傳平台。曼聯與NIKE(耐克)公司簽有為期13年共計3.33億英鎊的長期球衣贊助合同,根據成績還有額外的獎金分紅。與AIG(美國國際集團)簽訂的為期4年、總價值5650萬英鎊的球衣胸前廣告合同至2010年6月期滿,SAUDI TELECOM(沙特電信)有望成為曼聯新的主贊助商,而贊助合同金額則高達5年1.25億英鎊;中國研祥集團(INSIDE)、SAHARA(薩哈拉集團)及MALAYSIA AIRLINES(馬來西亞航空)也有意競逐曼聯的胸前廣告位,價碼對比AIG也只高不低。此外,曼聯與BUDWEISER(百威)、AUDI(奧迪)、PEPSI(百事可樂)、HUBLOT(恆寶)等也簽訂了贊助合同,曼聯每年可從這些贊助商處獲得上千萬英鎊的收益。

(3)周邊商品銷售

曼聯營銷品牌的哲學是“ 讓曼聯深入球迷”。曼聯充分利用各種優勢樹立品牌,不斷開發市場,實行全球化經營戰略。曼聯以足球產品為中心的商業開發,一方面為集團增加了收入,另一方面也為曼聯品牌進一步進行了推廣。基於曼聯品牌巨大的商業價值,曼聯集團創立了一系列曼聯品牌服務,包括MU FINANCE(曼聯金融)、MU MOBILE(曼聯通訊)、MUTV(曼聯電視台)、(曼聯官網)、MU PICTURES(曼聯廣告)、MU INTERACTIVE(曼聯互動)等,把曼聯品牌效應及價值潛力發揮得淋漓盡致。

曼聯除自身經營外,也通過合作伙伴展開全方位、深層次的合作。曼聯與NIKE結成全方位的合作贊助夥伴,NIKE除向曼聯提供贊助費、贊助獎金及足球裝備外,還成為曼聯周邊商品的生產經銷商,曼聯按銷量收取分成。曼聯也在嘗試以“經營許可證+贊助商”為標誌的曼聯經營模式引入亞洲,在和這些公司的合作中,曼聯控制品牌、零售模式,而合作方則負責店面經營。

曼聯正依靠其多元化的經營策略而樹立了新一代職業俱樂部的典範。

(四)曼聯的形象塑造

曼聯作為國際著名品牌,不僅僅依靠賽場成績和商業運作,參與社會公益活動也是其品牌戰略的一個重要組成部分。曼聯主動履行社會責任,承擔社會義務,通過保護環境、幫助弱勢羣體等多方面的活動來提升自身的企業形象。如與聯合國兒童基金會和聯合國兒童慈善機構合作,幫助全世界的貧困兒童;組織“反種族日比賽” “世界讀書日”等公益活動;支持貧困、失業及弱勢羣體等等。一系列的活動使曼聯良好形象深入人心,也吸引了更多的球迷。

曼聯真誠地強調球迷是球員生活的一部分,通過各種方式長期而有效地與球迷進行日常生活的溝通,建立起曼聯與球迷交流的平台。為了拉近與球迷的聯繫,曼聯在世界各地開發並建立各種語言的網站,並特別注重在全球各地建立球迷俱樂部,通過出訪活動、友誼賽等密切與球迷的聯繫,以此加深曼聯在球迷中的印象。

(五)曼聯的球隊建設

足球俱樂部的核心業務是足球比賽,球隊在賽場上的表現是決定俱樂部命運的關鍵,曼聯自然深諳其中的道理。主教練ALEX FERGUSON(亞歷克斯弗格森)表示:“優異的成績是我們永遠不會放棄的曼聯價值的直接產物。曼聯首先是一支出色的球隊,競技水平是一切的核心、是決定因素。”為了確保球隊的競技水平,曼聯捨得並懂得在轉會市場上花錢買進實力型球員,增強球隊的競爭力。通過務實的轉會策略和完善的青訓系統,球隊新老球員結合,既有經驗又有衝勁,既保留了傳統的力量型打法,又融入了南美技術特點, 使球隊打法更具攻擊性和觀賞性。

在球隊的組建上,俱樂部重視球隊的梯隊建設,強化對年輕球員的培養,注重培養自己的球員和明星,走的是長線經營之路。任用俱樂部自身培養的青訓球員使球隊得到持續發展,不僅不用支付高昂的轉會費,工資支出也可以控制在很低水平。更重要的一點是,俱樂部的青訓球員不僅對俱樂部無比忠誠,而且也更能贏得本土球迷的認同,對增強贊助商熱情、提高球場上座率和推進俱樂部經營,都有更大的影響力。

四、中國足球俱樂部經營管理的現狀與存在問題分析

(一)中國足球俱樂部經營管理的現狀

經過15年的發展,中國職業足球俱樂部在體制上得到很大完善,基本上完成向有限責任公司或股份制公司的轉變,在形式上初步確立了職業足球俱樂部制,俱樂部建立了相應的組織機構框架,但所有權與經營權聯繫緊密,集權的管理模式明顯。俱樂部與當地的政治、經濟和文化融為一體,具有較強的地方主義;國有企業是俱樂部最重要也是最主要的投資主體。中國足球超級聯賽的俱樂部(以下簡稱“中超俱樂部”)是中國足球俱樂部羣體中的佼佼者,無論是球迷的期望,還是媒體的聚焦,都將中超俱樂部定位在中國職業足球的高層,從而使中超俱樂部的經營狀況優於非中超俱樂部。俱樂部的經營項目有門票、廣告、電視轉播權、轉會費、會員費和相關產品開發。俱樂部實行獨立經營核算,對教練員和運動員實行合同制和強化思想管理。

(二)中國足球俱樂部經營管理存在問題分析

1、缺乏俱樂部品牌效應

中國足球俱樂部存在着一個典型現象,就是很多俱樂部沒有固定的'名稱,俱樂部名稱隨贊助企業的更換而變換。中國足球俱樂部由於自身經營能力的有限,俱樂部品牌價值低下,缺乏對知名企業與俱樂部進行深層次合作的吸引力,只能給企業做球衣廣告,俱樂部商業贊助仍停留在為企業做宣傳、提高

知名度的階段。俱樂部每次找到新的贊助企業後,都要重新註冊俱樂部名稱,這從短期來看不會給俱樂部帶來什麼影響,但從長期的社會效應來看,損失是巨大的。經常更換俱樂部名稱勢必會影響俱樂部本身的產業開發,品牌式的產品就不可能形成。

2、產權結構不明晰,管理混亂

目前中國足球俱樂部的產權結構是政府所有、政府與企業所有、企業獨立所有、政府與企業參股所有等形式,俱樂部的資本主要來自企業,國有企業資本所佔比重較大。俱樂部大部分已註冊成立俱樂部有限責任公司或俱樂部股份有限公司,具有獨立法人資格,俱樂部的機構設置大多是按照公司制機構設立,由董事會任命的總經理負責俱樂部事務的管理。然而,在實際經營管理中,大多數俱樂部不能單獨進行市場運作,特別是政府和企業共同投資的俱樂部,往往因為俱樂部的管理、經營等問題分歧,直接影響俱樂部的正常運作。另外,俱樂部專業經營管理人員匱乏,董事長、總經理的權力過於集中,對其決策缺乏必要的制約;教練、球員享受高收入及各種福利,沒有職業風險,缺乏競爭性。

3、經營意識落後,市場開發不足

目前,中國足球俱樂部多數僅靠低級別的贊助、商業冠名權開發、少量門票的銷售以及俱樂部投資者的持續投入來獲得運營經費,像電視轉播權、門票及與明星球員相關的延伸產品還未得到合理的開發和利用,俱樂部普遍處在“入不敷出”的境地。其經營機制仍不夠靈活,管理層經營意識淡薄,沒有形成有效的投資組合和形式,只是把俱樂部作為一個體育項目來運作,而不是把俱樂部打造為品牌企業,作為真正的市場主體按照市場規律運作。俱樂部缺少自主經營的球場,門票收入及球場周邊商業開發受到重重限制,對足球相關產品的開發上尚有欠缺,運用俱樂部品牌進行相關產品的商業運營很少。

4、球員、俱樂部形象不佳

俱樂部對於球員和俱樂部的形象這一巨大的無形資產沒有給予充分的重視和開發。球員在球場上暴力行為及打架鬥毆的事時有發生,球風懶散、踢假球、攻擊裁判、虛報年齡、生活作風不檢點等諸多醜聞無不毀壞着球員的形象;球員參與公益或宣傳活動大多隻是作秀行為,真非是真心拉近與球迷的距離。至於俱樂部方面,收買裁判、詆譭裁判及參與賭球等行為都抹黑了俱樂部的形象。俱樂部形象不佳,失去的不只是贊助收入,球迷也會對俱樂部喪失信心而不再支持球隊,這樣就更難吸引企業投資了。

5、球隊建設不完善

雖然很多俱樂部建立了二、三、四線後備梯隊隊伍,甚至還建立了足球學校,但大多數俱樂部管理層急功近利,忽視後備人才培養,不願投入在花費大、時間長、見效慢的青少年球員培養工作, 大部分俱樂部優秀年輕球員奇缺,造成球隊隊員老化,青黃不接,基礎不穩定,技戰術打法陳舊, 毫無競爭性和觀賞性,發展有着很強的滯後性。

五、啟示及對中國足球俱樂部的建議

(一)曼聯成功經驗應用於中國足球俱樂部的可行性分析

曼聯不僅是英超的一面旗幟,也是世界上最有價值的體育俱樂部,其運作模式因此為世界各俱樂部所效仿,成為足球經營的典範。雖然各國的俱樂部運作模式的形成和發展都有其深厚的歷史文化背景,同時也體現了各國足協、俱樂部聯盟、俱樂部等各管理層經營開發俱樂部的不同理念和策略,但足球產業以其自身的發展規律和生存價值證明:只要遵從足球運動的特有規律,取得成功的模式是多種多樣的。曼聯的成功,體現了俱樂部對足球運動規律、足球運動職業化、俱樂部經營及其相互關係的深入思考,中國足球俱樂部與曼聯在經營管理方面存在着很大的差距,因此通過對經營管理等方面的研

篇二:曼聯隊的英文簡介(曼聯隊的歷史)

The Glorious History of Manchester United Football Club Manchester United Football Club is an English professional football club, based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, that plays in the Premier League. Founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, the club changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to Old Trafford in 1910.

Early years (1878–1945)

Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot at Newton Heath. The team initially played games against other departments and rail companies, but on 20 November 1880, they competed in their first recorded match; wearing the colours of the railway company – green and gold – they were defeated 6–0 by Bolton Wanderers' reserve team. By 1888, the club had become a founding member of The Combination, a regional football league. However, following the league's dissolution after just one season, Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance, which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League. This resulted in the club starting the 1892–93 season in the First Division, by which time it had become independent of the rail company and dropped the "LYR" from its name. After just two seasons, the club was relegated to the Second Division

In January 1902, with debts of £2,670 – equivalent to £210,000 as of 2011– the club was served with a winding-up order. Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen, including John Hey Davies (who became club president), each willing to invest £500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name; on 24 April 1902, Manchester United was officially born. Under Ernest Mangnall, who assumed managerial duties in 1903, the team finished as Second Division runners-up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division, which they won in 1908 – the club's first league title. The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield and ended with the club's first FA Cup title. Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911, but at the end of the following season, Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City

In 1922, three years after the resumption of football following the First World War, the club was relegated to the Second Division, where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925. Relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo-yo club, achieving its all-time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934. Following the death of the club's principal benefactor, J. H. Davies, in October 1927, the club's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson, who, in December 1931, invested £2,000 and assumed control of the the 1938–39 season, the last year of football before the Second World War, the club finished 14th in the First Division.

Busby years (1945–1969)

In October 1945, the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby, who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection, player transfers and training sessions. Busby led the team to second-place league finishes in 1947, 1948 and 1949, and to FA Cup victory in 1948. In 1952, the club won th

e First Division, its first league title for 41

years. With an average age of 22, the media labelled the back-to-back title winning side of 1956 "the Busby Babes", a testament to Busby's faith in his youth players In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup, despite objections from The Football League, who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season. En route to the semi-final, which they lost to Real Madrid, the team recorded a 10–0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht, which remains the club's biggest victory on record.

The following season, on the way home from a European Cup quarter-final victory against Red Star Belgrade, the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players, officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich, Germany. The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives, including those of eight players – Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan – and injured several more.

Reserve team manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final, which they lost to Bolton Wanderers. In recognition of the team's tragedy, UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958–59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers. Despite approval from the FA, the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition, since it had not qualified. Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand, who combined with the next generation of youth players – including George Best – to win the FA Cup in 1963. The following season, they finished second in the league, then won the title in 1965 and 1967. In 1968, Manchester United became the first English (and second British) club to win the European Cup, beating Benfica 4–1 in the final with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best. Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach, former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness.

1969–1986

Following an eighth-place finish in the 1969–70 season and a poor start to the 1970–71 season, Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties, and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach. In June 1971, Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager, but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972. Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season, only to see them relegated in 1974; by that time the trio of Best, Law, and Charlton had left the club. The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976, but were beaten by Southampton. They reached the final again in 1977, beating Liverpool 2–1. Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards, following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist's wife.

Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977. Despite major signings, including Joe Jordan, Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey, and Ray Wilkins, the team failed to achieve any significant results; they finished in the top two in 1979–80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final. Sexton was dismissed in 1981, even though the team won the last seven games under his direction. He was replaced by Ron Atkinson, who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion. Under Atkinson, Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years – in 1983 and 1985. In 1985–86, after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches, the club was favourite to win the league, but finished in fourth

place. The following season, with the club in danger of relegation by November, Atkinson was dismissed.

Ferguson years (1986–present)

Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson's dismissal, and guided the club to an 11th-place finish in the league. Despite a second-place finish in 1987–88, the club was back in 11th place the following season. Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed, victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay (after a 3–3 draw) saved Ferguson's career. The following season, Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup, beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1–0 in the final at Old Trafford. A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992, in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1–0 at Wembley. In 1993, the club won its first league title since 1967, and a year later, for the first time since 1957, it won a second consecutive title – alongside the FA Cup – to complete the first "Double" in the club's history. Ryan Giggs is the most decorated player in English football history.

Manchester United's 1998–99 season was the most successful in English club football history as they became the first team to win the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League – "The Treble" – in the same season. Losing 1–0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final, Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjr scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich, in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time. The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1–0 in Tokyo. Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football.

In 2000, Manchester United competed in the inaugural FIFA Club World Championship in Brazil, and won the league again in the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 seasons. The team finished as runners-up in 2001–02, before regaining the title in 2002–03. They won the 2003–04 FA Cup, beating Millwall 3–0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. In the 2005–06 season, Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade, but recovered to secure a second-place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final. The club regained the Premier League in the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons, and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6–5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow's Luzhniki Stadium. Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game, overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton. In December 2008, the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008–09 Football League Cup, and its third successive Premier League title. That summer, Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £80 million. In 2010, Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup, its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition.

After finishing as runner-up to Chelsea in the 2009–10 season, United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010–11, securing the championship with a 1–1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011. At the start of the following season, Premier League champions United faced FA Cup winners Manchester City in the 2011 Community Shield, United won the match 3–2 to secure their 19th Shield.

標籤:曼聯 歷史